Copeptin (human) is a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Copeptin (human) is also the carboxyl terminus of the arginine vasopressin (AVP) precursor peptide. Copeptin (human) can be used in the study of cardiovascular disease[1].
KU-32 is a novel, novobiocin-based Hsp90 inhibitor that can protect against neuronal cell death.
1,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxyxanthone is a natural xanthone that can be isolated from Garcinia achachairu Rusby (Clusiaceae) branches. 1,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxyxanthone induces diuresis and saluresis in normotensive and hypertensive rats[1].
Tulopafant is a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist.
Azilsartan(TAK-536) is a specific and potent angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 2.6 nM.IC50 Value: 2.6 nM [1]Target: AT1 receptorin vitro: Azilsartan inhibited the specific binding of 125I-Sar1-Ile8-AII to human angiotensin type 1 receptors with an IC50 of 2.6 nM. The inhibitory effect of AZL persisted after washout of the free compound (IC(50) value of 7.4 nM). AZL also inhibited the accumulation of AII-induced inositol 1-phosphate (IP1) in the cell-based assay with an IC50 value of 9.2 nmol; this effect was resistant to washout (IC50 value of 81.3 nM). Olmesartan and valsartan inhibited IP1 accumulation with IC50 values of 12.2 and 59.8 nM, respectively [1]. Azilsartan is not readily biodegradable. Results of the water sediment study demonstrated significant shifting of azilsartan metabolites to sediment. Based on the equilibrium partitioning method, metabolites are unlikely to pose a risk to sediment-dwelling organisms [2].in vivo: In 4 randomized controlled trials (3 published to date), azilsartan medoxomil/chlorthalidone 40 mg/12.5 mg and 40 mg/25 mg reduced blood pressure (BP) significantly more than comparators did, including an approximately 5-mm Hg greater BP reduction than olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide 40 mg/25 mg and azilsartanmedoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide [3]. Both TAK-536 and candesartan suppressed the increase in plasma glucose level in the OGTT without significant change in insulin concentration and improved insulin sensitivity. In adipose tissue, TAK-536 and candesartan reduced TNF-alpha expression but increased the expression of adiponectin, PPARgamma, C/EBalpha, and aP2 [4].Clinical trial: New Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Azilsartan Study for Stronger Blood Pressure Lowering . Phase4
Azimilide(NE-10064) is a class III antiarrhythmic compound, inhibits I(Ks) and I(Kr) in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes and I(Ks) (minK) channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Azimilide blocked HERG channels at 0.1 and 1 Hz with IC50s of 1.4 microM and 5.2 microM respectively. Azimilide blockade of HERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes and I(Kr) in mouse AT-1 cells was decreased under conditions of high [K+]e, whereas block of slowly activating I(Ks) channels was not affected by changes in [K+]e [1]. Azimilide suppressed the following currents (Kd in parenthesis): IKr (< 1 microM at -20 mV), IKs (1.8 microM at +30 mV), L-type Ca current (17.8 microM at +10 mV), and Na current (19 microM at -40 mV). Azimilide was a weak blocker of the transient outward and inward rectifier currents (Kd > or = 50 microM at +50 and -140 mV, respectively). Azimilide blocked IKr, IKs, and INa in a use-dependent manner. Furthermore, azimilide reduced a slowly inactivating component of Na current that might be important for maintaining the action potential plateau in canine ventricular myocytes [2]. In guinea pig ventricular myocytes, NE-10064 (0.3-3 microM) significantly prolonged action potential duration (APD) at 1 Hz. At 3 Hz, NE-10064 (0.3-1 microM) increased APD only slightly, and at 10 microM decreased APD and the plateau potential. NE-10064 potently blocked the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifier, IKr (IC50 0.4 microM), and inhibited IKs (IC50 3 microM) with nearly 10-fold less potency [3].in vivo: NE-10064 (10 mg/kg intravenously, i.v.) reduced (p < 0.05) the incidence (8 of 12) of PES-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT). The cycle length of induced VT was not prolonged by NE-10064 (0.245 +/- 0.046 s predrug vs. 0.301 +/- 0.060 s postdrug). NE-10064 increased ventricular effective refractory period (VERP 166 +/- 5 ms predrug vs. 194 +/- 13 ms postdrug, p = 0.013), prolonged QTc interval (310 +/- 12 ms predrug vs. 350 +/- 16 ms postdrug, p = 0.004) and prolonged the effective refractory period (ERP) of noninfarcted myocardium (p = 0.045) [4].
Dooku1, an analog of Yoda1, is a selective antagonist of the endogenous Piezo1 channel. Dooku1 inhibited 2 μM Yoda1-induced Ca2+-entry with IC50 values of 1.3 μM (in HEK 293 cells) and 1.5 μM (in HUVECs). Dooku1 inhibits Yoda1-induced relaxation of aorta[1].
[D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,Nle11] Substance P (4-11) is a potent neurokinin NK1 antagonist. [D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,Nle11] Substance P (4-11) inhibits the effects of gold-protein-substance P (GPSP) and substance P (SP)[1].
SCH79797 is a highly potent, selective nonpeptide protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonist. SCH79797 inhibits binding of a high-affinity thrombin receptor-activating peptide to PAR1 with an IC50 of 70 nM and a Ki of 35 nM. SCH79797 inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 3 μM. SCH79797 has antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects, and limits myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts. SCH79797 also potently prevents PAR1 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and astrocytes[1][2][3][4].
Quinapril-d5 hydrochloride (CI-906-d5) is the deuterium labeled Quinapril hydrochloride. Quinapril hydrochloride (CI-906) is a prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications[1][2].
Pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ((+)-Pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) is the major active furofuran type lignans in Fructus Forsythiae. Pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside shows antioxidant, blood pressure reducing, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitory effects[1].
P-1075 is a potent activator of sulfonylurea receptor 2-associated ATP-sensitive potassium channels (SUR2-KIR6), with an EC50 value of 45 nM for SUR2B-KIR6 channel activation[1]. P-1075 also P1075 opens mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and generates reactive oxygen species resulting in cardioprotection of rabbit hearts[2].
Feniralstat (compound 30), a pyrazole derivative, is a potent kallikrein inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.7 nM for Human plasma kallikrein (pKal). Feniralstat has no inhibition on Human KLKl, Human FXIa, Human Factor Xlla (all IC50>40 μM).
Nisoldipine-d7 (BAY-k 5552-d7) is the deuterium labeled Nisoldipine. Nisoldipine(BAY-k 5552) is a calcium channel blocker belonging to the dihydropyridines class, specific for L-type Cav1.2 with IC50 of 10 nM[1][2].
Mepolizumab (SB 240563) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes interleukin-5 (IL-5), the major cytokine involved in eosinophil proliferation, activation, and survival. Mepolizumab can be used for the research of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) and severe eosinophilic asthma[1][2].
Vitamin K1 D7 (Phylloquinone D7) is the deuterium labeled Vitamin K1. Vitamin K1 a naturally occurring vitamin required for blood coagulation and bone and vascular metabolism[1][2].
Stachydrine is a major constituent of Chinese herb leonurus heterophyllus sweet used to promote blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Stachydrine can inhibit the NF-κB signal pathway.
Epoprostenol (Prostaglandin I2), the synthetic form of the natural prostaglandin derivative Prostacyclin (Prostaglandin I2), is registered worldwide for the treatment of Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH. Epoprostenol is used in pulmonary hypertension and transplantation as a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation[1].
Vicenin 1 is a C-glycosylflavone isolated from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium, has an inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)(IC50=52.50 μM)[1].
Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, and it is synthesized and secreted in response to renin-angiotensin system activation (RAS) or high dietary potassium by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone activity is dependent by the binding and activation of the cytoplasmic/nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at cellular level[1][2].
(±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1].
Sitaxsentan (IPI 1040; TBC 11251) is a selective endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist. Antihypertensive. Sitaxsentan is used in treatment of chronic heart failure.IC50 value:Target: ETA receptor
Tioclomarol, a coumarin anticoagulant, is a vitamin K antagonist[1].
Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L.. Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3K.
Trimetazidine-N-oxide is the major active metabolite of Trimetazidine. Trimetazidine is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM. Trimetazidine is an effective antianginal agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties.
Guvacoline hydrobromide, a pyridine alkaloid found in Areca triandra, can act as a weak full agonist of atrial and ileal mAChR[1][2].
ROCK-IN-32 is an effective Rho-kinase inhibitor.
Esmolol Hydrochloride is a beta adrenergic receptor blocker.Target: Adrenergic receptorEsmolol Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of Esmolol, a short and rapid-acting beta adrenergic antagonist belonging to the class II anti-arrhythmic drugs and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Esmolol hydrochloride competitively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle and reduces the contractility and cardiac rate of heart muscle, thereby decreasing cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demands. This agent also decreases sympathetic output centrally and blocks renin secretion. At higher doses, Esmolol hydrochloride also blocks beta-2 receptors located in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, thereby leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
LOX-IN-3 dihydrochloride monohydrate (Compound 33) is an orally active lysyl oxidase (LOX) inhibitor. LOX-IN-3 dihydrochloride monohydrate can be used for fibrosis, cancer and angiogenesis research[1].