Isovanillin is an aldehyde oxidase inhibitor[1]. Antispasmodic activities[2]. Antidiarrheal activities[3].
Demethoxycurcumin(Curcumin II) is a major active curcuminoid; possess anti-inflammatory properties; also exert cytotoxic effects in human cancer cells via induction of apoptosis.IC50 value: Target:in vitro: DMC significantly decreased NO secretion by 35-41% in our inflamed cell model. Decrease in NO production by DMC was concomitant with down-regulation of iNOS at mRNA and protein levels compared to proinflammatory cytokine cocktail and LPS-treated controls. Mechanism of action of DMC may be partly due to its potent inhibition of the iNOS pathway [1]. BDMCCN has the strongest inhibitory activity toward BACE-1 with 17 μM IC50, which was 20 and 13 times lower than those of CCN and DMCCN respectively [2]. Genes associated with DNA damage and repair, cell-cycle check point and apoptosis could be altered by DMC; in particular, 144 genes were found up-regulated and 179 genes down-regulated in NCI-H460 cells after exposure to DMC [3]. in vivo: At low doses, both the curcuminoid mixture and curcumin I did not affect brain stimulation reward, whereas, higher doses increased ICSS thresholds. Curcumin II and curcumin III did not affect brain stimulation reward at any doses. Subthreshold doses of the curcuminoid mixture and curcumin I inhibited the reward-facilitating effect of morphine.
Tetrahydrocurcumin is a Curcuminoid found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) that is produced by the reduction of Curcumin. Tetrahydrocurcumin inhibit CYP2C9 and CYP3A4.
(-)-(S)-Equol is a high affinity ligand for estrogen receptor β with a Ki of 0.73 nM.
Gastrodin, a main constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine Tianma, has been known to display anti-inflammatory effects. Gastrodin, has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia.
Hexahydrocurcumin is a natural compound which posesses anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities; selective COX-2 inhibitor.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: The relative antioxidant potencies of ginger compounds decreased in similar order of 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione, hexahydrocurcumin>6-shogaol>6-dehydroshogaol in both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyrlhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays [1]. HHC alone markedly decreased the viability of HT-29 human colon cancer cells compared to control. HHC significantly down-regulates COX-2 mRNA expression compared to the control (control: 100.05% ± 0.03% vs HHC: 61.01% ± 0.35%, P < 0.05) but does not alter COX-1 mRNA. In combined treatment, addition of HHC to a low dose of 5-FU exerts a synergistic effect against the growth of HT-29 cells by markedly reducing cell viability to a greater degree than monotherapy [2].in vivo: The combined effects of HHC with 5-FU exhibit a synergistic inhibition by decreasing ACF formation mediated by down-regulation of COX-2 expression in rats [3].
Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.
Pyrogallol is a polyphenol compound, which has anti-fungal and anti-psoriatic properties. Pyrogallol is a reductant that is able to generate free radicals, in particular superoxide anions.
Salicylic acid inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation.
Octahydrocurcumin is a hydrogenated derivatives of curcumin; metabolite of curcumin.IC50 value:Target: OKT3-induced PBMC proliferation was inhibited by octahydrocurcumin with IC50 of 82 uM. The investigated substances with the strongest effect on radical scavenging were tetrahydro-, hexahydro-, and octahydrocurcumin with IC50 values of 10.0, 11.7, and 12.3 microM, respectively [1]. curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin significantly inhibited the release of prominent cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor?α (TNF?α) and interleukin?6 (IL?6); however, hexahydrocurcumin and octahydrocurcumin did not significantly alter cytokine release [2]. Hydrogenated derivatives of curcumin exhibited stronger DPPH scavenging activity compared to curcumin and a reference antioxidant, trolox. The scavenging activity significantly decreased in the order THC>HHC=OHC>trolox>curcumin>Dmc>>>Bdmc [3].
1-naphthol is an excited state proton transfer (ESPT) fluorescent molecular probe.
Ethyl gallate is a nonflavonoid phenolic compound and also a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide.
Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 μM.
Sesamol is a constituent of sesame oil. Sesamol shows a free radical scavenging activity. Sesamol shows an IC50=5.95±0.56 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. Anti-oxidant activities[1]. Anticancer activities[2].
Deoxyarbutin is a new effective lighten ingredient, can effectively inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis to get significant and lasting lightening effect.
Phloracetophenone (2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone) is the aglycone part of acetophenone glycoside obtained from Curcuma comosa Roxb, with cholesterol-lowering activity. Phloracetophenone enhances cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity[1]. Phloracetophenone stimulats bile secretion mediated through Mrp2[2].
Carnosol is a potent Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK2) inhibitor that could be useful for treating gastric cancer, with an IC50 of ~5.5 μM.
Gossypol, a natural product isolated from cottonseeds and roots, binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively.
Methyl gallate is a plant phenolic with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl gallate also shows bacterial inhibition activity.
2-Phenylethanol (Phenethyl alcohol), extracted from rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom and other organisms, is a colourless liquid that is slightly soluble in water. It has a pleasant floral odor and also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans[1]. It is used as an additive in cigarettes and also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions.
Resveratrol (SRT 501), a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid.
Raspberry ketone is a major aromatic compound of red raspberry, widely used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavoring agent in foodstuff; also shows PPAR-α agonistic activity.
Amrubicin hydrochloride is a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, used for the research of cancer.
Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid isolated from blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium[1]. Shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties[1][4]. Pterostilbene blocks ROS production[3], also exhibits inhibitory activity against various free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide[4].
Olivetol is a naturally phenol found in lichens and produced by certain insects, acting as a competitive inhibitor of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2[3]. Olivetol also inhibits CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 activity, with IC50s of 15.3 μM, 7.21 μM and Kis of 2.71 μM, 2.87 μM, respectively[1][2].
Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site.
Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM.
2-Naphthol is a metabolite of naphthalene, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes (CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, CYP 2A1, CYP 2E1 and CYP 2F2).
Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.
Piceatannol is a selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase Syk. It could inhibit ICa,L, Ito, IKr, Ca2+ transients and Na+-Ca2+ exchange except IK1. Shows multiple biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects.In vitro: The treatment of human myeloid cells with piceatannol suppressed TNF-induced DNA binding activity of NF-κB. The effect of piceatannol was not restricted to myeloid cells, as TNF-induced NF-κB activation was also suppressed in lymphocyte and epithelial cells. Piceatannol also inhibited NF-κB activated by H2O2, PMA, LPS, okadaic acid, and ceramide. [1]