Protein Kinase C (19-31), a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), derived from the pseudo-substrate regulatory domain of PKCa (residues 19-31) with a serine at position 25 replacing the wild-type alanine, is used as protein kinase C substrate peptide for testing the protein kinase C activity. Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins[1][2].
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a phorbol ester, is a commonly used PKC activator.
Mitoxantrone diacetate is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor. Mitoxantrone diacetate also inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity with an IC50 of 8.5 μM. Mitoxantrone diacetate induces apoptosis of B-CLL (B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) cells. Mitoxantrone diacetate shows antitumor activity[1][2][3][4]. Mitoxantrone diacetate also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity with EC50s of 0.25 μM and and 0.8 μM for cowpox and monkeypox, respectively[5].
Valrubicin is a chemotherapy agent, inhibits TPA- and PDBu-induced PKC activation with IC50s of 0.85 and 1.25 μM, respectively, and has antitumor and antiinflammatory activity.
ζ-Stat trisodium (NSC37044 trisodium) is a specific and atypical PKC-ζ inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM. ζ-Stat trisodium can reduce melanoma cell lines proliferation and induce apoptosis, and has antitumor activity in vitro[1][2].
Pirfenidone D5 (AMR69 D5) is a deuterium labeled Pirfenidone. Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that attenuates CCL2 and CCL12 production in fibrocyte cells. Pirfenidone has growth-inhibitory effect and reduces TGF-β2 protein levels in human glioma cell lines. Pirfenidone also has anti-inflammatory activities[1][2][3].
Thiazovivin is a potent ROCK inhibitor, which can protect human embryonic stem cells.
Dalbergioidin, a well-known anthocyanin, ameliorates doxorubicin-induced renal fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β signal pathway. Dalbergioidin exhibits tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 20 mM[1][2].
Nisevokitug (NIS-793) is a human, IgG2λ antibody targeting TGF-β (TGFB1/TGFB2). Nisevokitug is expressed by CHO-K1 cells[1].
Protein kinase C substrate is a substrate of Protein kinase C, can be used to detect protein. Protein kinase C is a key regulatory element in signal transduction and exerts its effects by catalysing specific substrate phosphorylation[1].
DT-6 is an effective TGF-β1 inhibitor. DT-6 inhibits M2 macrophage induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition and invasive migration of cancer cells. DT-6 can be used for cancer diseases research[1].
Rhodblock 6 is a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor that inhibits phospho-MRLC (myosin regulatory light chain) localization[1].
CAY10746 is a selective Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. CAY10746 has inhibitory activity for ROCK I, ROCK II with IC50 values of 0.014 μM and 0.003 μM, respectively. CAY10746 can be used for the research of diabetic retinopathy (DR)[1].
Sotrastaurin is a potent pan-PKC inhibitor, with Kis of 0.22 nM, 0.64nM, 0.95 nM, 1.8 nM, 2.1 nM and 3.2 nM for PKCθ, PKCβ, PKCα, PKCη, PKCδ and PKCε, respectively.
VTX-27 is a selective protein kinase C θ (PKC θ) inhibitor, with Kis of 0.08 nM and 16 nM for PKC θ and PKC δ.
ZIP is a selective peptide inhibitor of PKMζ. ZIP injections can block the impairment in morphine conditioned place preference induced[1].
Halofuginone hydrobromide (RU-19110 hydrobromide) is a less-toxic form of Febrifugine, which is isolated from the plant Dichroa febrifuga[1]. Halofuginone inhibits prolyl-tRNA synthetase in an ATP-dependent manner with a Ki of 18.3 nM[2]. Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity[3].
PT-262 is a potent ROCK inhibitor with an IC50 value of around 5 μM. PT-262 induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and elevates the caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. PT-262 inhibits the ERK and CDC2 phosphorylation via a p53-independent pathway. PT-262 blocks cytoskeleton function and cell migration. PT-262 has anti-cancer activity[1][2].
CMPD101, is a novel membrane-permeable, small-molecule inhibitor of both GRK2 and GRK3 with IC50s of 18 nM and 5.4 nM. CMPD101 also inhibits ROCK-2 and PKCα (IC50s=1.4 μM and 8.1 μM, respectively)[1].
PS-432 is an allosteric inhibitor of PKCι and PKCζ with IC50 of 16.9 and 18.5 uM, respectively; has no inhibitory activity against PKCα, PKCβ, PKCδ and PKCθ nor the activity of related kinases such as PDK1, PKB/Akt, RSK1, MSK1 and Aurora A; inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer cell lines A549 (IC50=14.8 ± 4.2 uM) and A427 (IC50=10.4± 0.3 uM) as well as androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line DU145 (IC50 = 20.8 ± 9.0 uM); well tolerated in vivo.
ROCK-IN-4 is a potent ROCK inhibitor maintaining NO releasing ability. ROCK-IN-4 reversibly depolymerizes F-actin, and suppresses mitochondrial respiration in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. ROCK-IN-4 can be used for glaucoma or ocular hypertension research[1].
PS315, a derivative of PS48 (HY-15967), is an allosteric PKC inhibitor by binding to the PIF-pocket of aPKC and inducing a displacement of the active site residue Lys111. PS315 inhibits the full-length and catalytic domain constructs of PKCζ (IC50=10 μM) and PKCη (IC50=30 μM). PS315 has anti-cancer activity[1].
Rho-Kinase-IN-2 (Compound 23) is an orally active, selective, and central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant Rho Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (ROCK2 IC50=3 nM). Rho-Kinase-IN-2 can be used in Huntington’s research[1].
SIS3 is a cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of Smad3. It inhibits Smad3 phosphorylation with an IC50 of 3 µM.
6-Deoxyisojacareubin is a PKC inhibitor that inhibits the proliferation of QGY-7703 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 6-Deoxyisojacareubin is also a natural product that can be obtained from Garcinia nervosa. 6-Deoxyisojacareubin can be used in cancer research[1].
Cercosporin is produced by a plant pathogen, Cercosporakikuchii, and the elsinochromes, pigments of the elsinoe family of fungi. Cercosporin is a potent photosensitizer with a short activation wavelength, mostly suitable for superficial photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatments, especially when it is necessary to avoid perforations[1].Cercosporin contains the perylenequinone structural features necessary to PKC activity with an IC50 of 0.6-1.3 μM[2].
LXS196 is a potent and orally active protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor under Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of uveal melanoma.
Hydroxyfasudil is a ROCK inhibitor, with IC50s of 0.73 and 0.72 μM for ROCK1 and ROCK2, respectively.
Isojacareubin can be isolated from Hypericum japonicum. Isojacareubin covalently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Isojacareubin also has anti-helicobacter activity. Isojacareubin inhibits PKC, and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and induces apoptosis[1][2][3].
[Ala113]MBP(104-118) is an noncompetitive peptide inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), with IC50s ranging from 28-62 μM[1].