AMPK-IN-3 (compound 67) is a potent and selective AMPK inhibitor with IC50s of 60.7, 107 and 3820 nM for AMPK (α2), AMPK (α1) and KDR, respectively. AMPK-IN-3 inhibits AMPK does not affect cell viability or cause significant cytotoxicity in K562 cells. AMPK-IN-3 can be used in study of cancer[1].
Euphorbiasteroid is a tricyclic diperpene of Euphorbia lathyris L., inhibits tyrosinase, and increases the phosphorylation of AMPK, with anti-cancer, anti-virus, anti-obesity and multidrug resistance-modulating effect[1].
Phenformin (1-phenethylbiguanide) is an orally active antidiabetic and anticancer agent. Phenformin has an incidence of associated lactic acidosis. Phenformin acts through acting AMPK activation and blocking mTOR pathway. Phenformin is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and an OXPHOS inhibitor. Phenformin induces cancer cell apoptosis[1][2].
Urolithin B is one of the gut microbial metabolites of ellagitannins, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Urolithin B inhibits NF-κB activity by reducing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and suppresses the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and Akt, and enhances the phosphorylation of AMPK. Urolithin B is also a regulator of skeletal muscle mass[1][2].
STO-609 acetate is a selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM-KK), with Ki values of 80 and 15 ng/mL for recombinant CaM-KKα and CaM-KKβ, respectively. STO-609 acetate inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) activity in HeLa cell lysates with an IC50 ~0.02 g/ml.
Foenumoside B is a triterpene saponin isolated from Lysimachia foenum-graecum. Foenumoside B activates AMPK signaling, inhibits PPARγ-induced adipogenesis, and shifts lipid metabolism toward lipolysis. Foenumoside B can be used in the study of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases[1].
MK8722 is a potent and systemic pan-AMPK activator.
EB-3D is a novel potent and selective choline kinase ChoKα inhibitor with IC50 of 1.0 uM (purified ChoKα1), strongly impairs cell proliferation in a variety of different cancer cell lines; demonstrates in vitro antiproliferative effects against HeLa (IC50=79 nM), RS4,11 (IC50=45 nM), A549 (IC50=27 nM) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50=100 nM); displays excellent antiproliferative activity against a wide cohort of T-leukemic cell lines with GI50 of 0.9 nM (MOLT-16 cell)-479 nM (CCRF-CEM), reduces the intracellular pool of PCho, but also inhibits the synthesis of choline-containing lipids; induces G0/G1 arrest that lead to apoptosis in leukemia cell lines; affects AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, synergizes with both dexamethasone and L-asparaginase.
AMPK-α1β1γ1 activator 1 (M1) is an acyl glucuronide metabolite of Indole-3-carboxylic Acid-based AMPK activator. AMPK-α1β1γ1 activator 1 can selectively activated human β1 isoforms with an EC50 value of 38.1nM. AMPK-α1β1γ1 activator 1 can direct binding with human AMPK α1β1γ1 isoform. AMPK-α1β1γ1 activator 1 can be used for the research of diabetic nephropathy[1].
Platycodin D is a saponin isolated from Platycodi Radix, acts as an activator of AMPKα, with anti-obesity property[1].
[6]-Gingerol is an active compound isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), exhibits a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation.
Metformin D6 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes research. Metformin hydrochloride triggers autophagy[1].
Kazinol U inhibits melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase-related proteins via AMPK activation[1].
Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (BML-275 dihydrochloride) is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor, with a Ki of 109±16 nM.
A-769662 is a potent, reversible AMPK activator with EC50 of 0.8 μM.
Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic for the treatment of multiple cancers. The possible mechanisms by which doxorubicin acts in the cancer cell are intercalation into DNA and disruption of topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA repair.
PF-249 is a potent, selective AMPK β1-containing complexes activator; increases the phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate ACC at S79 with EC50 of 296 nM, potently inhibits de novo lipogenesis (IC50=15 nM) in primary rat hepatocytes.
HL271, a chemical derivative of metformin (HY-B0627), is a potent AMPK activator that increases AMPK phosphorylation. HL271 attenuates aging-associated cognitive impairment[1][2].
ASP4132 is an orally active, potent AMPK activator with an EC50 of 18 nM. ASP4132 has anti-cancer activity and makes tumor regression in breast cancer xenograft mouse models[1].
Kazinol B, a prenylated flavan with a dimethyl pyrane ring, is an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production. Kazinol B improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose uptake via the insulin-Akt signaling pathway and AMPK activation. Kazinol B has the potential for diabetes mellitus research[1][2].
Demethyleneberberine is a natural mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. Demethyleneberberine alleviates mice colitis and inhibits the inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathway and regulating the balance of Th cells. Demethyleneberberine could serve as a AMPK activator for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)[1][2][3].
Etilefrine (3-[2-(ethylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]phenol) is an α adrenergic agonist[2]. Etilefrine also is an AMPK activator[1]. Etilefrine can be used for the research of postural hypotension[3].
Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate), an active component of Zanthoxylum armatum, is a widely used natural flavor compound. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) possesses antimicrobial activity and is a tyrosinase inhibitor that can prevent food browning. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) has antiadipogenic activity through mechanisms mediated, in part, by the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway[1].
Metformin (hydrochloride) is an FDA approved first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, mostly through a mild and transient inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex 1.
Marein has the neuroprotective effect due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway. Marein improves insulin resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 100 µM. Marein has beneficial antioxidative, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects[1][2][3].
Dorsomorphin is a potent and selective AMPK inhibitor, that is competitive with ATP, with Ki=109±16 nM in the absence of AMP.
MT 63-78 is a specific and potent direct AMPK activator with an EC50 of 25 μM. MT 63–78 also induces cell mitotic arrest and apoptosis. MT 63-78 blocks prostate cancer growth by inhibiting the lipogenesis and mTORC1 pathways. MT 63-78 has antitumor effects[1].
ULK1-IN-2 (compound 3s) is a potent ULK1 inhibitor. ULK1-IN-2 shows highest cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines, with IC50 of 1.94 μM in A549. ULK1-IN-2 can induce apoptosis and simultaneously block autophagy, and can be used to study NSCLC (Non-small cell lung cancer)[1].
Buformin (1-Butylbiguanide) is a potent and orally active biguanide antidiabetic agent, an AMPK activator. Buformin decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and lowers blood glucose production in vivo. Buformin also has anti-cancer activities and is applied in cancer study (such as, cervical cancer and breast cancer, et al)[1].
EX229, a Benzimidazole derivative, is a potent and allosteric activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), with Kds of 0.06 μM, 0.06 μM and 0.51 μM for α1β1γ1, α2β1γ1 and α1β2γ1 in biolayer interferometry, respectively.