VER-246608 is a potent and ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) with IC50s of 35 nM, 40 nM, 84 nM, and 91 nM for PDK-1, PDK-3, PDK-2, and PDK-4, respectively.
PS10 (PDK inhibitor PS10) is a novel potent and highly selective pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor; improved glucose tolerance, stimulates myocardial carbohydrate oxidation in diet-induced obesity; PS10 is a more suitable PDK inhibitor for treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Sodium dichloroacetate is a metabolic regulator in cancer cells' mitochondria with anticancer activity. Sodium dichloroacetate inhibits PDHK, resulting in decreased lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment. Sodium dichloroacetate increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and promotes cancer cell apoptosis. Sodium dichloroacetate also works as NKCC inhibitor[1].
PDK-IN-1 (compound 7o) is a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor. PDK-IN-1 shows IC50 values of 0.03 and 0.1 μM for PDK1 and HSP90, respectively. PDK-IN-1 targets PDH/PDK axis thus reducing efficiently the tumor mass[1].
PDK4-IN-1 hydrochloride is an anthraquinone derivative and a potent and orally active pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 84 nM. PDK4-IN-1 hydrochloride potently represses cellular transformation and cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis. PDK4-IN-1 hydrochloride has antidiabetic, anticancer and anti-allergic activity[1].
PDK4-IN-1 is an anthraquinone derivative and a potent and orally active pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 84 nM. PDK4-IN-1 potently represses cellular transformation and cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis. PDK4-IN-1 has antidiabetic, anticancer and anti-allergic activity[1].
AZD7545 is a novel, selective small-molecule inhibitor of PDHK2 (PDH kinase2) with an IC50 of 36.8 nM and 6.4 nM for PDHK1 and PDHK2 respectively.IC50 Value: 36.8 nM (PDHK1); 6.4 nM (PDHK2) [1]Target: PDHK1/2in vitro: The IC50 values for inhibition of PDHK2 and PDHK1 by AZD7545 were 6.4 ± 2.2 nM (n = 6) and 36.8 ± 18 nM (n = 3) respectively. Other compounds in this series inhibited both PDHK1 and PDHK2 and a consistent trend of reduced potency (5-15-fold) towards PDHK1, as compared with PDHK2, was observed. In contrast, AZD7545 and related compounds failed to inhibit PDHK4 and paradoxically, at higher concentrations (>10 nM), AZD7545 stimulated PDHK4 activity [1]. In the presence of PDHK2, AZD7545 increased PDH activity with an EC(50) value of 5.2 nM. In rat hepatocytes, the rate of pyruvate oxidation was stimulated 2-fold (EC(50) 105 nM) [2].in vivo: A single dose of AZD7545 to Wistar rats increased the proportion of liver PDH in its active, dephosphorylated form in a dose-related manner from 24.7 to 70.3% at 30 mg/kg; and in skeletal muscle from 21.1 to 53.3%. A single dose of 10 mg/kg also significantly elevated muscle PDH activity in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. Obese, insulin-resistant, Zucker rats show elevated postprandial glucose levels compared with their lean counterparts (8.7 versus 6.1 mM at 12 weeks old). AZD7545 (10 mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days markedly improved the 24-h glucose profile, by eliminating the postprandial elevation in blood glucose [2]. An interestingobservation is that administration of maximally effective doses of AZD7545 and related compounds to rats results in the near-complete activation of PDH activity in liver, where PDHK2 is the major isoenzyme, while only partial activation of PDH activity is achieved in skeletal muscle and heart, tissues which express high levels of PDHK4. For example, following administration of a maximally effective dose of compound K (30 mg/kg) the percentage of PDH present in the active (dephosphorylated) state in liver is elevated from 35.3 ± 4.0% to 90.2 ± 2.2% while in skeletal muscle and heart PDH activity plateaus at 64.3 ± 2.3% and 61.8 ± 4.3% respectively. Further evidence for a link between in vitro isoenzyme selectivity and in vivo activity comes from the observation that in fasted rats the ability of AZD7545 toelevate PDH activity in liver is intact, while the activation of skeletal muscle PDH activity in response to the compound is severely blunted [1].
Dicoumarol is an inhibitor of both NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PDK1 with IC50s of 0.37 and 19.42 μM, respectively.
M77976 is a specific ATP-competitive inhibitor of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoforms 4), with an IC50 of 648 μM. M77976 is potential for the research of obesity and diabetes[1].
TM-1 is a potent inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK1). TM-1 inhibits PDHK1 and PDHK2 with IC50s of 2.97 μM and 5.2 μM, respectively. TM-1 blocks pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) phosphorylation, and inhibits cell proliferation[1].
JX06 is a potent, selective and covalent inhibitor of PDK. JX06 inhibits PDK1, PDK2 and PDK3 with the IC50s of 49 nM, 101 nM, and 313 nM, respectively. JX06 inhibits PDK1 activity via covalently binding to a cysteine residue in an irreversible manner. JX06 shows significant antitumor activity[1].
KPLH1130 is a specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor, blocks macrophage polarization and attenuates proinflammatory responses[1].