MSDC-0602K (Azemiglitazone potassium), a PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinedione (Ps-TZD), binds to PPARγ with the IC50 of 18.25 μM[1]. MSDC-0602K modulates the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). MSDC-0602K can be used for the research of fatty liver including dysfunctional lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance[2]. MSDC-0602K, an insulin sensitizer, improves insulinemia and fatty liver disease in mice, alone and in combination with Liraglutide[3].
GSK1838705A is a potent and reversible IGF-IR and the insulin receptor inhibitor with IC50s of 2.0 and 1.6 nM, respectively. It also inhibits ALK with an IC50 of 0.5 nM.
Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human) is a fatty acid derivatized analog of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide with improved antihyperglycaemic and insulinotropic properties. Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human) can be used for research of diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity[1][2][3].
Ceritinib D7 (LDK378 D7) is a deuterium labeled Ceritinib. Ceritinib is a selective, orally bioavailable and ATP-competitive ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor[1].
DA-JC4 is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist and can be used for the research of neurological disease and insulin signaling pathways[1][2][3].
MSDC 0160 act as an insulin sensitizer and a modulator of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a key controller of cellular metabolism that influences mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation. In Vitro: MSDC-0160 acts as insulin sensitizers without activating PPARγ. MSDC-0160 (10 μM) pretreatment (1 hour) prevents the MPP+ (10 μM)-induced loss of both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive differentiated Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells. MSDC-0160 protects only TH-immunoreactive neurons, which is consistent with the selected concentration of MPP+ primarily being toxic to dopamine neurons. In addition, MSDC-0160 counteracts both MPP+-induced shortening of neurite length and reduces branching in both LUHMES cells. MSDC-0160 (10 or 100 μM) prevents the loss of GFP-fluorescent dopaminergic neurons induced by MPP+ (0.75 mM) in nematodes (P =0.0001), whereas 1 μM MSDC-0160 does not. MSDC-0160 (10 μM) blocks LPS-induced increases in iNOS expression in BV2 cell lysates. MSDC-0160 is mainly to prevent the activation of mTOR produced by the metabolic changes rather than to directly inhibit mTOR kinase activity[1]. PPARγ sparing TZD, MSDC-0160, reduces resistance in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and restores IGF-1-induced akt phosphorylation. MSDC-0160 (10-20 μM) in conbination with IGF-1 prevents the loss of insulin content and maintains insulin secretion. Treatment of human islets with MSDC-0160 (1-50 μM) activates AMPK and downregulates mTOR. MSDC-0160 (1-50 μM) treatment maintains human β-cell phenotype[2]. The combined treatment with PPARγ ligands (MSDC 0160) and γ-radiation synergistically induces caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death, and PPARγ ligands significantly enhance the γ-radiation-induced DNA damage response in a PPARγ-independent manner[3].In Vivo: MSDC-0160 (30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) can be observed in plasma and brain tissue of the mice, proving MSDC-0160 can effectively enter the brain. MSDC-0160 (30 mg/kg per day, p.o.) treatment 3 days after MPTP injection, improves motor behavior, protects nigrostriatal neurons, and suppresses disease progression in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), improves motor behavior in the open-field and rotarod tests in the En1+/- genetic mouse model of PD, and prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the En1+/- genetic mouse model of PD. MSDC-0160 (30 mg/kg, p.o.) modulates mTOR signaling in C. elegans and the MPTP mouse model of PD. MSDC-0160 down-regulates mTOR signaling and restores autophagy in the En1+/- genetic mouse model of PD[1].
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, porcine is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42 amino acid intestinal hormone with effects on fat and glucose metabolism[1].
Losmapimod is a dual inhibitor of the IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor with IC50s of 35 and 75 nM, respectively.
Valanafusp alfa (AGT-181) is a brain penetrating recombinant fusion protein of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the human insulin receptor (HIR) and human iduronidase (IDUA). Valanafusp alfa can be used for the research of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) [1].
D-(+)-Sorbose, an active enantiomer of D-Sorbose, which inhibits disaccharidase activity and demonstrates suppressive action on postprandial blood levels of glucose and insulin in the rat. D-sorbose acts as a sweetener may contribute to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus[1].
NT219 is a potent and dual inhibitor of insulin receptor substrates 1/2 (IRS1/2) and STAT3. IRS1/2 and STAT3 are major signaling junctions regulated by various oncogenes. NT219 affects IRS1/2 degradation and inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation. NT219 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases[1].
Rhoifolin is a flavone glycoside isolated from Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck leaves. Rhoifolin is beneficial for diabetic complications through enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) translocation[1]. Rhoifolin ameliorates titanium particle-stimulated osteolysis and attenuates osteoclastogenesis via RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK pathways[2].
KU14R is a new I(3)-R antagonist, which selectively blocks the insulin secretory response to imidazolines.IC50 Value:Target: Insulin ReceptorA new I(3)-R antagonist, KU14R (2 (2-ethyl 2,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazole), which selectively blocks the insulin secretory response to imidazolines. KU14R partially attenuated responses to Imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAA-RP). The effects of KU14R on stimulus secretion-coupling in normal mouse islets and beta cells was compared by measuring KATP channel activity, plasma membrane potential, cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) and dynamic insulin secretion. In the presence of 10 mmol/l but not of 5 mmol/l glucose, KU14R (30, 100 or 300 micromol/l) was ineffective. KATP channel was blocked by KU14R (IC50 31.9 micromol/l, Hill slope -1.5). KU14R does not act as an antagonist of either efaroxan or S22068 at an imidazoline site in vivo.
ERK Inhibitor II (Negative control) is an effective inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ERK Inhibitor II (Negative control) inhibits the activation of insulin receptor, which can be used in the study of diabetes[1][2].
[Tyr0] Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (23-42), human, a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion that also stimulates insulin secretion. [Tyr0] Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (23-42), human can be used in diabetes, obesity research[1][2].
NVP-AEW541 is a potent inhibitor of IGF-1R with IC50 of 0.15 μM, also inhibits InsR, with IC50 of 0.14 μM.
NT157is a selective inhibitor of IRS-1/2, IC50 values at sub-micromolar doses (ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 μM) .IC50 value: 0.3 to 0.8 μM [1]Target: Insulin receptorin vitro: NT157 significantly affects the cells' migratory ability, as confirmed by a wound-healing assay. NT157 induces cytostatic effects, as evidenced by G2/M cell cycle arrest, and does not affect apoptosis. NT157, a novel small-molecule that specifically targets IRS protein, in OS cells. NT157 is a small-molecule inhibitor that induces Ser-phosphorylation and consequently the degradation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. NT157 efficiently affects migration ability of MG-63 and U-2OS OS cells. NT157 treatment induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits IGF system signaling. [1] The density of LNCaP cells grown in FBS was decreased approximately 20% at 1 μM, approximately 70% at 2 μM, and >90% at 5 μM (IC50, 1.4 μM). Growth of LNCaP cells is suppressed >60% when cultured in CSS but still exhibited significant density at 2 μM and maximal decreased density at 5 μM. The density of FBS-cultured PC3 cells was similarly decreased by NT157 treatment (40% at 2 μM and > 70% at 5 μM; IC50, 2.5 μM). [2]in vivo: NT157 suppresses growth of LNCaP xenografts following castration. NT157 treatment affects IGF1R and IRS targets in xenografts and significantly delays castration-resistant progression of LNCaP androgen-responsive xenografts when combined with castration. NT157 potentiates docetaxel activity in PC3 xenografts.[2]
GIP (3-42), human acts as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonist, moderating the insulin secreting and metabolic actions of GIP in vivo[1].
(Pro3) GIP, human ((Pro3) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, human) is an efficacious, stable and specific human GIP receptor (hGIPR) full agonist. (Pro3) GIP, human has high binding affinity for human GIPR with Ki/ Kd values of 0.90 nM. (Pro3) GIP, human can be used for the research of obesity-related diabetes[1][2].
Insulin efsitora alfa (LY-3209590) is a selective agonist of insulin receptor (IR). Insulin efsitora alfa is a fusion protein composed of human IR agonists fused with the crystallizable (Fc) domain of human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) fragment, with a molecular weight of 64.1 kDa. Insulin efsitora alfa is well tolerated and has potential applications in diabetes patients[1].
Insulin peglispro (BIL) is a basal insulin with a flat, prolonged activity profile. Insulin peglispro can exhibit better glycaemic control compared to conventional insulins[1].
Insulin (swine) is a porcine-derived insulin used in diabetes research[1].
HNMPA is a membrane impermeable insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. HNMPA inhibits serine and tyrosine autophosphorylation by the human insulin receptor. HNMPA has no effect on protein kinase C or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activities[1][2]
Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway.
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (1-30), porcine lacks the C-terminal 12 amino acid residues of natural gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), exhibits biologic activity by potentiating the release of insulin and somatostatin[1].
Aganirsen is a 25 mer DNA antisense oligonucleotide, which silences expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1).
Insulin aspart (B28Asp) is a fast-acting analog of human insulin. Insulin aspart provides more rapid absorption than regular human insulin after subcutaneous administration. Insulin aspart can be used for researching diabetes[1].
Ceritinib dihydrochloride (LDK378 dihydrochloride) is potent inhibitor against ALK with IC50 of 0.2 nM, shows 40- and 35-fold selectivity against IGF-1R and InsR, respectively.
Ceritinib (LDK378) is a potent and specific ALK inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.2 nM.
Insulin levels modulator could be used to treat diabetes.