Clinofibrate (S-8527) is a hypelipidemic agent and a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
Furamidine dihydrochloride (DB75 dihydrochloride) is a selective protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 9.4 μM. Furamidine dihydrochloride is selective for PRMT1 over PRMT5, PRMT6, and PRMT4 (CARM1) (IC50s of 166 µM, 283 µM, and >400 µM, respectively). Furamidine dihydrochloride is a potent, reversible and competitive tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP-1) inhibitor. Inhibition of TDP-1 by Furamidine dihydrochloride is effective both with single- and double-stranded DNA substrates but is slightly stronger with the duplex DNA. Furamidine dihydrochloride is also an antiparasite agent[1][2][3].
(rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1].
Dorzolamide Hcl(L671152 Hcl; MK507 Hcl) is an anti-glaucoma agent, which is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.Target: carbonic anhydrase (CA)Dorzolamide hydrochloride is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent, and acts by decreasing the production of aqueous humour [1]. Glaucoma was induced in the right eye of adult Wistar rats by episcleral venous occlusion. One experimental group was administered dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%-timolol 0.5% combination eye drops, while the other experimental group was administered dorzolamide hydrochloride2% eye drops. Control groups had surgery without drug administration. Drug application was initiated either 2 weeks before surgery (Group A), from the day of surgery (Group B), 2 weeks after surgery (Group C), or 4 weeks after surgery (Group D). RGCs were labeled by intratectal Fluorogold injections and counted from flat-mount preparations, and IOP was measured using Tonopen. Both dorzolamide-timolol combination and dorzolamide hydrochloride, when applied topically, significantly reduced IOP and improved RGC densities in experimental eyes when compared to control eyes. Earlier initiation, as well as longer duration of drug application, resulted in higher RGC densities [2].Clinical indications: Glaucoma; Ocular hypertensionFDA Approved Date: 1995Toxicity: Dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, severe asthma, cardiac arrest
CM-675 is a dual phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and class I histone deacetylases-selective inhibitor, with IC50 values of 114 nM and 673 nM for PDE5 and HDAC1, respectively. CM-675 has potential to treat Alzheimer’s disease[1].
LY 3000328 is a potent and selective Cathepsin S (Cat S) inhibitor with IC50s of 7.7 and 1.67 nM for hCat S and mCat S, respectively.
ABX-1431 is a highly potent, selective, and orally available, CNS-penetrant monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14 nM.
CYP4A11/CYP4F2-IN-2 (compound 15) is an orally available inhibitor of CYP4A11/4F2 with IC50s of 120 nM and 220 nM, respectively. CYP4A11/CYP4F2-IN-2 inhibits 20-HETE production in rat kidney and has potential inhibitory effects on diabetic nephropathy and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease[1].
RORγ-IN-1 is a RORγ inhibitor extracted from patent US 9481674 B1, has a Ki of <100 nM.
Bivalirudin Trifluoroacetate is a synthetic 20 residue peptide which reversibly inhibits thrombin.IC50 Value:Target: thrombinin vitro: Eptifibatide (8 mg/mL) added together with a low (70 ng/mL) concentration of bivalirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor) effectively (approximately 90%) reduced platelet aggregation induced by thrombin (0.2 U/mL) [1]. In thrombin generation assay (TGA), bivalirudin had no effect on these parameters up to 10 μmol/l [2]. Bivalirudin-facilitated binding of MPO to BAEC resulted also in functional changes in terms of increased NO consumption as well as enhanced MPO-mediated redox modifications [3].in vivo: The use of bivalirudinprevented further increase in antiheparin/PF4 antibody IgG levels in rats [4]. Three animals in the 500-mg/kg/24 h group, and 7 animals in the 2000-mg/kg/24 h group in the toxicokinetic assessment phase of the study were found dead or euthanized in extremis (following blood sampling). Plasma concentrations of bivalirudin appeared to be linear and dose independent [5].Clinical trial: Antithrombotic Effects of Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel . Phase 4
K-80001 is an RXRα-binder and COX-1/2 inhibitor, with IC50s of with an IC50 of 82.9μM, 3.4μM, 1.2μM for RXRα, COX-1 and COX-2, respectively[1].
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, a hydrolase, is involved in the sphingomyelin metabolism process. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes the conversion of sphingomyelin to phosphocholine and ceramide. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase also plays an important role in cellular differentiation, various immune and inflammatory responses, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking and metabolism[1][2].
TM5007 is a poent and orally active inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with an IC50 of 29 μM. TM5007 enhance fibrinolysis activity and inhibits coagulation. TM5007 also prevents the fibrotic process initiated by bleomycin in mouse lung[1].
XMD8-87 is a potent TNK2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 38 and 113 nM for the D163E and R806Q mutations, respectively.
Cilomilast-d9 (SB-207499-d9) is the deuterium labeled Cilomilast. Cilomilast (SB-207499) is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), with IC50s of ~100 and 120 nM for LPDE4 and HPDE4, respectively. Cilomilast shows selectivity for PDE4 over PDE1, PDE2, PDE3 and PDE5 (IC50=74, 65, >100, and 83 µM, respectively). Cilomilast has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and can be used for thr research of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[1][2][3][4].
GlcN-6-P Synthase-IN-1 (Compound 4d) is a Glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.47 μM. GlcN-6-P Synthase-IN-1 exhibits significant antimicrobial activity. GlcN-6-P Synthase-IN-1 has good penetration in the CNS and is able to inhibit the cytochrome P450, CYP3A4 isoform[1].
YM-08 (Compounds 7a) is a brain-penetrant inhibitors of SIRT2,with the IC50 of 19.9 μM. YM-08 also is inhibitor of Hsp70[1].
Cysteine protease inhibitor-2 is a cysteine protease inhibitor extracted from patent US20070032499A1, compound 12. Cysteine protease inhibitor-2 inhibits the cells growth of DCT116 and PC3 cells with GI50 values of 6.5 μM and 4.4 μM, respectively[1].
Suc-Ala-Pro-Ala-AMC is a tripeptide substrate of elastase[1].
Ganomycin I is a dual inhibitor of α-Glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase. Ganomycin I can also inhibits HIV protease. Ganomycin I exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-osteoclastogenesis effects[1][2].
Vicenin 2 is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (IC50=43.83 μM) from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium[1].
AZD3988 is a diacylglycerol acyl transferase-1 (DGAT-1) inhibitor with IC50s of 6, 5, 11 nM for human, rat, mouse, respectively[1].
FAAH inhibitor 1 is a potent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 18±8 nM.IC50 Value: 18±8 nM [1]Target: FAAHTime-dependent preincubation study of FAAH inhibitor 1 was consistent with it being a reversible inhibitor. Activity-based protein-profiling (ABPP) evaluation of FAAH inhibitors 1 in rat tissues revealed that it had exceptional selectivity and no off-target activity with respect to other serine hydrolases. Molecular shape overlay of FAAH inhibitor 1 with a known FAAH inhibitor indicated that these compounds might act as transitionstate analogues, forming putative hydrogen bonds with catalytic residues and mimicking the charge distribution of the tetrahedral transition state. FAAH inhibitors 1 was exclusively specific against FAAH in rat brain and had no missing protein bands in all the other tissues that were tested [1].
Xanthine oxidase-IN-4 (compound 19a) is an orally active and potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.039 μM. Xanthine oxidase-IN-4 exhibits hypouricemic potency in potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia rats. Xanthine oxidase-IN-4 can be used for hyperuricemia and gout research[1].
Dorzolamide(L671152; MK507) is an anti-glaucoma agent, which is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.Target: carbonic anhydrase (CA)Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent, and acts by decreasing the production of aqueous humour [1]. Glaucoma was induced in the right eye of adult Wistar rats by episcleral venous occlusion. One experimental group was administered dorzolamide 2%-timolol 0.5% combination eye drops, while the other experimental group was administered dorzolamide 2% eye drops. Control groups had surgery without drug administration. Drug application was initiated either 2 weeks before surgery (Group A), from the day of surgery (Group B), 2 weeks after surgery (Group C), or 4 weeks after surgery (Group D). RGCs were labeled by intratectal Fluorogold injections and counted from flat-mount preparations, and IOP was measured using Tonopen. Both dorzolamide-timolol combination and dorzolamide, when applied topically, significantly reduced IOP and improved RGC densities in experimental eyes when compared to control eyes. Earlier initiation, as well as longer duration of drug application, resulted in higher RGC densities [2].Clinical indications: Glaucoma; Ocular hypertensionFDA Approved Date: 1995Toxicity: Dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, severe asthma, cardiac arrest
PD 150606 is a selective, cell-permeable non-peptide calpain inhibitor (Ki values for ν and m-calpains are 0.21 and 0.37 μM respectively).target:calpain[1]In vitro: PD150606 also against tetrafluoroethyl-l-cysteine-, bromohydroquinone-, oxidant (t-butylhydroperoxide)- and calcium ionophore (ionomycin)-induced cell death. PD150606 inhibits calpains by binding to the calcium-binding domain of the enzyme. [2] high specificity for calpains relative to other proteases, uncompetitive inhibition with respect to substrate.[3]
Zaragozic acid E, a fungal metabolite, is a potent inhibitor of squalence synthetase with IC50s of 2.3-28 nM[1].
Mca-YVADAP-Lys(Dnp)-OH is a fluorogenic substrate for caspase-1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)[1].
Torcetrapib(CP-529414) is a CETP inhibitor with IC50 of 37 nM, elevates HDL-C and reduces nonHDL-C in plasma.IC50 value: 37 nM [1]Target: CETP inhibitorin vitro: Torcetrapib dose-dependently increases aldosterone release from H295R cells after either 24 or 48 h of treatment with an EC50 of approximately 80 nM, this effect is mediated by calcium channel as calcium channel blockers completely blocks torcetrapib-induced corticoid release and calcium increase. Torcetrapib (1 μM) significantly increases the expression of steroidogenic gene, CYP11B2 and CYP11B1, in H295R cell lines [2].in vivo: Torcetrapib (< 100 mg, daily) changes the plasma distribution of CETP, as the apparent molecular weight of the CETP has shifted to a larger form, by 2 hours after the dose in healthy young subjects. Torcetrapib treatment with 10 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, and 120 mg daily and 120 mg twice daily results in 16%, 28%, 62%, 73%, and 91% increases in plasma HDL-C, respectively, with no significant changes in TPC in healthy young subjects. [1] Torcetrapib results in an increase of 72.1% in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decrease of 24.9% in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, in addition to an increase of 5.4 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure, a decrease in serum potassium, and increases in serum sodium, bicarbonate, and aldosterone, in patients at high cardiovascular risk after 12 months' treatment [3]. Torcetrapib (90 mg/kg/day) results in a 70% inhibition of CE transfer in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet. Torcetrapib (90 mg/kg/day) increases mean HDL-C levels by above 3-fold and apoA-I levels by 2.5-fold in plasma in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet. Torcetrapib-treated animal has a multiple-fold increase in HDL-C AUC and a corresponding reduction in aortic lesion area with 60% reduction of aortic free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (EC) in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet. Torcetrapib-treated rabbits stimulate free cholesterol efflux to a significantly greater extent than does sera from control rabbits [4].
Salvianolic acid C is a noncompetitive Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) inhibitor and a moderate mixed inhibitor of Cytochrome P45022J2 (CYP2J2), with Kis of 4.82 μM and 5.75 μM for CYP2C8 and CYP2J2, respectively.