Lycoramine, a dihydro-derivative of galanthamine, is isolated from Lycoris radiate. Lycoramine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor[1][2].
Clozapine D8 (HF 1854 D8) is the deuterium labeled Clozapine. Clozapine, an antipsychotic, is a potent antagonist of dopamine and a number of other receptors, with a Ki of 9.5 nM for muscarinic M1 receptor. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM)[1][2][3][4].
Licoflavone A is a flavonoid isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 54.5 μM[1].
Anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) is a quinochalcone C-glycoside isolated from Carthamus tinctorius. Anhydrosafflor yellow B inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation, exhibits significant anti-oxidative effects in vitro, and possesses certain activity against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells and primary neuronal cells[1].
Azacyclonol, also known as γ-pipradol, is a drug used to diminish hallucinations in psychotic individuals.Target: OthersAzacyclonol is a drug which is a so-called ataractive, or agent which diminishes hallucinations in psychotic individuals. The formation of Azacyclonol in human intestinal microsomes is linear with respect to time up to 60 min. The rates of formation of Azacyclonol increases linearly with microsomal protein concentration up to 2 mg/mL. The apparent Km and Vmax values of Azacyclonol are 0.82 μM and 60 pmol/min/mg protein in microsomes from human liver [1]. The formation of Azacyclonol and terfenadine alcohol from terfenadine is confirmed to be catalyzed predominantly by CYP3A(4) isozyme, and the ratio of the rate of terfenadine alcohol formation to that of Azacyclonol is 3:1 [2]. The amount of Azacyclonol eliminated renally increases on average 2-fold after rifampin dosing [3].
BMS 433796 is a γ-secretase inhibitor with Aβ lowering activity in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
CP-465022 Maleate is a potent, and selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsant activity. CP-465022 is against Kainate-induced response with an IC50 of 25 nM in rat cortical neurons. CP-465022 provides a new tool to investigate the role of AMPA receptors in physiological and pathophysiological processes[1][2].
CuATSP, a potent inhibitor of ferroptotic cell death, is almost 20-fold more potent than CuATSM.
Olodanrigan (EMA401), a highly selective AT2R antagonist, inhibition of augmented AngII/AT2R induced p38 and p42/p44 MAPK activation, and hence inhibition of DRG neuron hyperexcitability and sprouting of DRG neurons.
Magnesium citrate is a magnesium salt form that provides efficient penetration into brain and muscle tissue. Magnesium citrate increases pain threshold and reduces TLR4 concentration in the brain. Orally active[1].
Milnacipran is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia.Target: SNRIMilnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Dalcipran, Toledomin) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia. It is not approved for the clinical treatment of major depressive disorder in the USA, but it is in other countries.Milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in an approximately 1:3 ratio, respectively; in practical use this means a relatively balanced action upon bothneurotransmitters. Increasing both neurotransmitters concentration simultaneously works synergistically to treat both depression and fibromyalgia. Milnacipran exerts no significant actions onH1, α1, D1, D2, and mACh receptors, as well as on benzodiazepine and opioid binding sites. Milnacipran is well absorbed after oral dosing and has a bioavailability of 85%. Meals do not have an influence on the rapidity and extent of absorption. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2 hours after oral dosing. The elimination half-life of 8 hours is not increased by liver impairment and old age, but by significant renal disease. Milnacipran is conjugated to the inactive glucuronide and excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and conjugate. Only traces of active metabolites are found.
L-APB is a potent and specific agonist for the group III mGluRs, with EC50s of 0.13, 0.29, 1.0, 249 μM for mGlu4, mGlu8, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors, respectively.
Detomidine produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, is a nonnarcotic, synthetic α2-adrenergic agonistTarget: α2-adrenergic agonistDetomidine is an imidazole derivative and α2-adrenergic agonist, used as a large animal sedative, primarily used in horses. It is usually available as the salt detomidine hydrochloride. It is a prescription medication available to veterinarians sold under the trade name Dormosedan. Currently, detomidine is only licenced for use in horses.Detomidine is a sedative with analgesic properties. α2-adrenergic agonists produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediatated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors, thus inducing a negative feedback response, reducing production of excitatory neurotransmitters. Due to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, detomidine also has cardiac and respiratory effects and an antidiuretic action.
AChE/BuChE-IN-2 (Compound 5f) is an orally active AChE and BuChE inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.72 μM and 0.16 μM, respectively. AChE/BuChE-IN-2 shows a non-competitive inhibition with AChE and shows potent self-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation inhibition with an IC50 of 62.52 μM. AChE/BuChE-IN-2 can cross the BBB[1].
Pramipexole 2Hcl is a partial/full D2S, D2L, D3, D4 receptor agonist with a Ki of 3.9, 2.2, 0.5 and 5.1 nM for D2S, D2L, D3, D4 receptor, respectively. IC50 Value: 3.9 nM(D2S); 2.2 nM(D2L); 0.5 nM(D3); 5.1 nM(D4)Target: Dopamine ReceptorPramipexole dihydrochloride is a dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for the D3 receptor (Ki values are 3.9, 3.3, 0.5 and 3.9 nM for D2L, D2S, D3 and D4 receptors respectively). Pramipexole dihydrochloride exhibits negligable affinity for D1 and D5 receptors. Pramipexole has been found to have neuroprotective effects independent of its dopamine receptor agonism. It reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibits the activation of apoptotic pathways. Pramipexole displays activity in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Valepotriate, isolated from Valeriana jatamansi Jones, has anti-epileptic and anti-cancer activities[1][2].
BIM 23056, a linear octapeptide, is a potent sst3 and sst5 somatostatin receptor antagonist with Ki values of 10.8, 5.7, respectively[1].
Proglumide sodium is a nonpeptide and orally active cholecystokinin (CCK)-A/B receptors antagonist. Proglumide sodium selective blocks CCK’s effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Proglumide sodium has ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect the gastroduodenal mucosa. Proglumide sodium also has antiepileptic and antioxidant activities[1][2][3][4][5].
Glycopyrrolate(Glycopyrronium Br) is a muscarinic competitive antagonist used as an antispasmodic.IC50 Value:Target: mAChR (Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1)in vitro: Glycopyrrolate showed no selectivity in its binding to the M1-M3 receptors. Kinetics studies, however, showed that glycopyrrolate dissociates slowly from HASM muscarinic receptors (60% protection against [3H]-NMS binding at 30 nM) compared to ipratropium bromide [1].in vivo: Glycopyrrolate (1 mg) tablets were then administered, starting with one tablet daily the third week and increasing the daily dose by one tablet per week until a maximum of four tablets during week six and 4 days of week seven when the daily dose was reduced to two tablets for 3 days. glycopyrrolate can be given in controlled doses provided that an adequate medical assessment has been undertaken [2]. Glycopyrrolate has a slow and erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal system, but even low plasma levels are associated with a distinct and long-lasting antisialogic effect [3]. Oral glycopyrrolate is emerging as a potential second-line treatment option, but experience with safety, efficacy, and dosing is especially limited in children [4]. phase III study, 52.3% of glycopyrrolate oral solution recipients (aged 3-18 years; n = 137) had an mTDS response (primary endpoint); the response rate was consistently above 50% at all 4-weekly timepoints, aside from the first assessment at week 4 (40.3%). In general, glycopyrrolate oral solution was well tolerated in clinical trials. The majority of adverse events were within expectations as characteristic anticholinergic outcomes [5].Toxicity: Side effects include dry mouth, difficult urinating, heachaches, diarrhea and constipation. The medication also induces drowsiness or blurred vision. LD50=709 mg/kg (rat, oral).
Simufilam (PTI-125) (hydrochloride) is a low toxicity, orally active filamin A (FLNA) activator. Simufilam (hydrochloride) preferentially binds altered FLNA and restores its native conformation, restores receptor and synaptic activities, reduces its a7nAChR/TLR4 associations and downstream pathologies. Simufilam (hydrochloride) can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease[1].
PSB069 bearing a p-chlorophenylamino residue is a potent, well-tolerated and nonselective NTPDases1, 2, 3 inhibitor(Ki=16~18 μM)[1].
BACE1-IN-6 is a BACE1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.5 nM.
NPEC- caged-(S)-AMPA, a caged neurotransmitter analog, is a NPEC photoprotecting group caged the (S)-AMPA (HY-100815A) to make caged ligands specific for glutamate receptor sub-types. NPEC- caged-(S)-AMPA selectively activates AMPA receptor[1].
Curculigoside C is a phenolic glucoside with potent antioxidative and neuroprotective activities. Curculigoside C shows IC50 values of 0.25 mM and 0.88 mM for hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals, respectively[1].
AV-105 is a Florbetapir (18F)-radiolabeled slyrylpyridine tosylate precursor extracted from patent WO2010078370A1, example 1.5. AV-105 can synthesize 18F-radiolabeled compounds, which are used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of neurodegenerative diseases of the brain[1].
AM 374 is an fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor. AM 374 inhibits amidase activity with an IC50 value of 13 nM. AM 374 can be used for the research of neurological disease[1][2].
Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase, is an insecticide of relatively low human toxicity.
Melanotan (MT)-II, a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist, is an injectable peptide hormone used to promote tanning.
RPR104632 is a specific antagonist of NMDA receptor, with potent neuroprotective properties.
Tegileridine is the potent agonist of opioid receptor (MOR). Tegileridine is an oxa spiro derivative which reduces the side effects mediated by β-arrestin. Tegileridine has the potential for the research of pains and pains-related diseases (extracted from patent WO2017063509A1)[1].