Shanghai Nianxing Industrial Co., Ltd
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Product Name: Apamin
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GL Biochem (Shanghai) Ltd.
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Product Name: CNCKAPETALCARRCQQH-NH2
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Shanghai Jizhi Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd
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Nanjing Peptide Biotech Ltd
China
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24345-16-2

24345-16-2 structure

24345-16-2 structure

Name: Apamin
Chemical Name: Apamin
CAS Number: 24345-16-2
Molecular Formula: C₇₉H₁₃₁N₃₁O₂₄S₄
Molecular Weight: 2027.339
Catalog: Peptides
Create Date: 2018-04-01 08:00:00
Modify Date: 2025-08-20 06:48:35
Apamin, an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom), is known to block Ca2+-activated K+ channels and prevent carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis.

Name	Apamin
Synonyms	apamine MFCD00167944 N-{[(1R,4S,7S,13S,16S,19S,22S,25S,28R,31S,34S,37S,40R,47S,50R)-50-Amino-4-(4-aminobutyl)-47-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-34,37-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-16-(2-carboxyethyl)-19-(1-hydroxyethyl)-25-isobut yl-7,22,31-trimethyl-2,5,8,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,46,49-tetradecaoxo-42,43,52,53-tetrathia-3,6,9,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,45,48-tetradecaazatricyclo[26.16.10.0]tetrapentacont-40-yl]carbony ;l}-L-glutaminyl-L-glutaminyl-L-histidinamide Apamin APAMIN,BEE VENOM APAMIN FROM BEE VENOM CNCKAPETALCARRCQQH-NH2 M.W. 2027.34 C79H131N31O24S4 APAMIN FROM HONEY BEE VENOM EINECS 246-182-7

Description	Apamin, an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom), is known to block Ca2+-activated K+ channels and prevent carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis.
Related Catalog	Signaling Pathways >> Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >> Potassium Channel Peptides Research Areas >> Neurological Disease Natural Products >> Others
Target	K+ channel[1]
In Vitro	Apamin is an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). It has long been known as a specifically selective blocker of Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels. Apamin inhibits liver fibrosis in a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced mouse model as determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Apamin treatment attenuates inflammatory cytokine expression, including IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β compared with expression levels in the DDC-fed group[1]. Apamin is an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). Apamin, a neurotoxin extracted from bee venom, specifically binds to a particular class of Ca2+-activated K+ channels which are involved in the slow afterhyperpolarization (S-AHP) that follows action potentials in many excitable cell[2].
In Vivo	To investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of Apamin on ECM deposition in the DDC-fed mice, Liver fibrosis induced by DDC is confirmed by induction of fibrogenic genes, FSP-1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I expression. Expression of α-SMA is strongly expressed in the myofibroblasts and HSCs around the proliferated bile duct in the DDC-fed group and clearly with the Apamin treatment. Moreover, expression of collagen I in the DDC-fed group is significantly increased, especially in the portal tracts[1].
Cell Assay	HSC-T6 cells, an immortalized rat hepatic stellate cell line, which has a stable phenotype and biochemical characteristics. Cells are cultured at 37°C in a humidified incubator under a 5% CO2 atmosphere. HSC-T6 cells are seeded in complete medium for 24 h. The cells are changed to fresh serum-free media containing the indicated concentrations of Apamin (0.5, 1 and 2 µg/mL). After 24 h, the cells are replaced with fresh serum-free media containing 2 ng/mL of TGF-β1 for 24 h[1].
Animal Admin	Mice[1] For induction of liver injury, 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (20-25 g) are selected. Male C57BL/6 mice are fed a control diet or a DDC supplemented diet (0.1%) for 4 weeks to induce advanced biliary fibrosis. The mice receive an intraperitoneal injection of Apamin (0.1 mg/kg) dissolved in saline twice a week. Mice are sacrificed after 4 weeks from the first DDC diet administration.
References	[1]. Kim JY, et al. Apamin suppresses biliary fibrosis and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Int J Mol Med. 2017 May;39(5):1188-1194. [2]. Messier C, et al. Effect of apamin, a toxin that inhibits Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, on learning and memory processes. Brain Res. 1991 Jun 14;551(1-2):322-6.

Density	1.6±0.1 g/cm3
Molecular Formula	C₇₉H₁₃₁N₃₁O₂₄S₄
Molecular Weight	2027.339
Exact Mass	2025.886597
PSA	1021.52000
LogP	-14.24
Index of Refraction	1.724

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: CD6899900

CHEMICAL NAME :: Apamin

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 24345-16-2

LAST UPDATED :: 198708

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 5

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C79-H131-N31-O24-S4

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 2027.65

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 3800 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOXIA6 Toxicon. (Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, UK) V.1- 1962- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,308,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 2900 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - ataxia

REFERENCE :: EJBCAI European Journal of Biochemistry. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 56,35,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 4 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - excitement Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay)

REFERENCE :: NSAPCC Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. (Springer Verlag, Heidelberger, Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.272- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 300,189,1977

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intracerebral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 1800 ng/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOXIA6 Toxicon. (Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, UK) V.1- 1962- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,308,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Parenteral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOXIA6 Toxicon. (Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, UK) V.1- 1962- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,157,1982

Symbol	GHS08
Signal Word	Danger
Hazard Statements	H334
Precautionary Statements	P261-P342 + P311
Hazard Codes	Xn
Safety Phrases	S22-S24/25
RIDADR	UN 2811
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	CD6899900
Packaging Group	III
Hazard Class	6.1(b)

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