D-AP4 (D-APB; D-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid), a phosphono analogue of glutamate, is an NMDA broad spectrum excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist. D-AP4 also is an agonist for a quisqualate-sensitized AP6 site in hippocampus. D-AP4 inhibits AMPA receptor-stimulated 57Co2+ influx in cultured cerebellar granule cells (IC50 ≥ 100 μM)[1][2][3].
Icenticaftor (QBW251) is an orally active CFTR channel potentiator, with EC50s of 79 nM and 497 nM for F508del and G551D CFTR, respectively. Icenticaftor can be used for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis research[1].
Catharanthine inhibits nicotinic receptor mediated diaphragm contractions with IC50 of 59.6 μM.Target: nAChRCatharanthine evokes a concentration-dependent attenuation of carbachol responses in the rat ileum preparation, producing rightward curve displacements and decreases in maximal agonist responses. The mixture of serpentine, plus ajmalicine and catharanthine reveals a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of acethylcholinesterase (AchE), with an IC50 at ca. 2.25 μg/Ml [1]. Catharanthine can induce the self-association of tubulin into linear indefinite polymers with an efficacy that is 75% that of vinblastine or vincristine. Catharanthine binds to tubulin alpha-beta dimer with binding constant of 2.8 mM [2]. Catharanthine stimulates release of amylase from pancreatic fragments and to cause extensive degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells with accumulation of membrane material in the Golgi region. Catharanthine induces a delayed release of Ca2+ from prelabeled pancreatic fragments as compared to bethanechol [3]. Catharanthine inhibits epibatidine-induced Ca(2+) influx in TE671-α, -β, -γ, -δ cells in a noncompetitive manner with similar potencies IC50 of 17 mM-25 mM. Catharanthine inhibits [3H]TCP binding to the desensitized Torpedo AChR with higher affinity compared to the resting AChR. Catharanthine enhances [3H]cytisine binding to resting but activatable Torpedo AChRs, suggesting desensitizing properties [4].
Pyr3 is a selective inhibitor of transient receptor potential canonical channel 3 (TRPC3), with an IC50 of 700 nM for TRPC3-mediated Ca2+ influx.
TTA-A2 is a potent, selective and orally active t-type voltage gated calcium channel antagonist with reduced pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation. TTA-A2 is equally potent against the Cav3.1 (a1G) and Cav3.2 (a1H) channels with IC50 values of 89 nM and 92 nM, respectively, at -80 and -100 mV holding potentials. TTA-A2 can be used for the research of a variety of human neurological diseases, including sleep disorders and epilepsy[1][2].
A-1165442 is a potent, competitive and orally available TRPV1 antagonist with an IC50 of 9 nM for human TRPV1.
Arvanil is a ligand for vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and cannabinoid 1 (CB1). Arvanil can inhibit spasticity, as a potent neuroprotectant[1].
S 18986 is a selective, orally active, brain penetrant positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type receptors. S 18986 shows cognitive enhancing properties in rodents. S 18986 activates the release of noradrenaline and acetylcholine in rat hippocampus and enhances rat memory in object-recognition tests[1][2].
L-663581 (FG-8205) is an agonist of benzodiazepine receptor, acting as a partial agonist at GABA A receptor[1].
α,β-Methylene ATP, a phosphonic analog of ATP, is a P2X3 and P2X7 receptor ligand. α,β-Methylene ATP is a highly selective agonist for P2X1 and P2X3, with practically no activity at P2X2,4-7[1][2].
Oligomycin B is an antibiotic isolated from marine Streptomyces, used as an eukaryotic ATP synthase inhibitor, induces apoptosis[1][2].
TQS is a α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) positive allosteric modulator. TQS can be used for the research of neuroinflammatory pain[1].
M8-B is a potent transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) antagonist. M8-B blocks cold-induced and TRPM8-agonist-induced activation TRPM8 channels. M8-B decreases deep body temperature (Tb)[1].
Mexiletine hydrochloride is a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker; Class IB anti-arrhythmic compound.
ML-SI3 is a TRPML Channel Inhibitor. ML-SI3 blocks TRPML1 and TRPML2 with IC50s of 4.7 µM and 1.7 µM respectively. ML-SI3 prevents lysosomal calcium efflux and blocks downstream TRPML1-mediated induction of autophagy[1][5].
Naltriben is a selective δ2-opioid receptor antagonist and TRPM7 activator. Naltriben enhances glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. Naltriben can be used in research into neurological diseases and cancer[1][2].
TAT-M2NX (tatM2NX) is a TRPM2 inhibitor with specific neuroprotective activity in male mice. TAT-M2NX can be used to study ischemic neuronal damage[1].
Monepantel is organic anthelmintic, and acts as a positive allosteric modulator of a nematode-specific clade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits.
ML402 is a selective TREK-1 activator.
GX-201 is a selective NaV1.7 inhibitor, with an IC50 of <3.2 nM for hNaV1.7[1].
CGP55845 hydrochloride is a potent and selective GABAB receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 6 nM. CGP55845 hydrochloride can be used for neurological research[1][2].
ProTx-I, a venom toxin of the tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens, is a potent, selective CaV3.1 channel blocker with IC50 values of 0.2 μM and 31.8 μM for hCaV3.1 and hCaV3.2 respectively. ProTx-I is also a potent blocker for voltage-gated Na+ channels and inhibits KV 2.1 channels[1][2].
R(+)-IAA-94 is a potent indanyloxyacetic acid blocker of epithelial chloride channels.IC50 value:Target: IAA-94 has been employed in modulating chloride channel function to probe the dynamics and function of the channels. The high affinity of IAA-94 for the chloride channel has been exploited for isolation and reconstitution of these proteins.
Etiracetam (UCB 6474) is an acetylcholine agonist and a nootropic drug of the racetam family. Less active than its S-enantiomer Levetiracetam (UCB L059)[1].
NS6180 is a novel potent and selective KCa3.1 channel inhibitor(IC50= 9 nM) prevents T-cell activation and inflammation.IC50 value: 9 nM [1]Target: KCa3.1 channel inhibitorin vitro: NS6180 inhibited cloned human KCa3.1 channels (IC50 = 9 nM) via T250 and V275, the same amino acid residues conferring sensitivity to triarylmethanes such as like TRAM-34. NS6180 inhibited endogenously expressed KCa3.1 channels in human, mouse and rat erythrocytes, with similar potencies (15–20 nM). NS6180 suppressed rat and mouse splenocyte proliferation at submicrolar concentrations and potently inhibited IL-2 and IFN-γ production, while exerting smaller effects on IL-4 and TNF-α and no effect on IL-17 production [1].in vivo: DNBS challenged rats were treated with two doses (3 and 10 mg·kg-1 b.i.d.) of NS6180 for 7 days in direct comparison with the IBD drug sulfasalazine (300 mg·kg-1 q.d.). Both doses of NS6180 significantly improved weight gain and decreased inflammation induced swelling of the colon as determined by relative colon weight [1].
Apimostinel is an oral NMDA receptor partial agonist.
AMPA Receptor Modulator is a potent, oral active and selective AMPAR regulatory protein TARP γ-8 negative modulator with a pIC50 of 9.7, more selective over GluA1/γ-2 (pIC50=5)[1].
Beta-Eudesmol is a natural oxygenated sesquiterpene, activates hTRPA1, with an EC50 of 32.5 μM. Beta-Eudesmol increases appetite through TRPA1[1].
A potent and selective α4β2 nAChR agonist with Ki of 16 nM; display selectivity over α7 nAChR (Ki>10 uM) and α1β1 nAChR; displays a similar potency and efficacy to (-)-nicotine to facilitate ACh release (EC50=3 uM), with less potent and less efficacious stimulate dopamine release (ABT-089, EC50=1.1 uM; (-)-nicotine, EC50=0.04 uM); shows effects on cognitive performance in rats and monkeys. Alzheimer Disease Phase 2 Discontinued
Alpha-Asarone is one of the main psychoactive compounds, and possesses an antidepressant-like activity in mice.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: The results indicated that α-asarone significantly attenuated the LPS-stimulated increase in neuroinflammatory responses and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production in BV-2 cells. Mechanistic study revealed that α-asarone?inhibited the LPS-stimulated activation via regulation of nuclear factor kappa-B by blocking degradation of inhibitor kappa B-alpha signaling in BV-2 microglial cells. [2]In vivo: The present results reveal that the acute treatment of α-asarone elicited biphasic responses on immobility such that the duration of the immobility time is significantly reduced at lower doses (15 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) but increased at higher doses (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in the TST. Besides, α-asarone at higher doses (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased the spontaneous locomotor activity.[1]