Fluphenazine-d8 is the deuterium labeled Fluphenazine. Fluphenazine is a potent, orally active phenothiazine-based dopamine receptor antagonist. Fluphenazine blocks neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels. Fluphenazine acts primarily through antagonism of postsynaptic dopamine-2 receptors in mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular neural pathways. Fluphenazine can antagonize Methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing and inhibit climbing behaviour in mice. Fluphenazine can be used for researching psychosis and painful peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes and has potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2[1][2][3][4][5][6].
PRL 2915 is a potent human somatostatin subtype 2 receptor (hsst2) antagonist with a Ki of 12 nM[1].
ML 190 is a selective κ opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist with an IC50 of 120 nM and an EC50 of 129 nM, respectively[1].
Nonapeptide-1 (Melanostatine-5), a peptide hormone, is a selective antagonist of MC1R (Ki: 40 nM). Nonapeptide-1 is a competitive α-MSH antagonist that potently inhibits intracellular cAMP and melanosome dispersion induced by α-MSH in melanocytes (IC50: 2.5 nM and 11 nM, respectively). Nonapeptide-1 inhibits melanin synthesis, and can be used in the research of skin pigmentation and regulation of steroid production in the adrenal gland, skin cancer[1][2][3].
UDM-001651 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonist (IC50=4 nM; Kd=1.4 nM). UDM-001651 shows antiplatelet potency (IC50=25 nM) in a γ-thrombin-induced platelet-rich plasma aggregation assay (γ-Thr PRP)[1].
l-Pindolol ((-)-pindolol) is a reversible, competitive and orally active 5-HT1A/1B antagonist. l-Pindolol is a partial β-adrenoceptor agonist. l-Pindolol can be used for the research of neurological disease[1][2][3].
Dazoxiben is a potent and orally active thromboxane (TX) synthase inhibitor[1].
Preladenant is a potent and competitive antagonist of the human adenosine A2A receptor with a Ki of 1.1 nM and has over 1000-fold selectivity over other adenosine receptors.
Sparsentan-d5 is deuterium labeled Sparsentan. Sparsentan (RE-021) is a highly potent dual angiotensin II and endothelin A receptor antagonist with Kis of 0.8 and 9.3 nM, respectively[1].
Anisodamine hydrobromide (6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine hydrobromide), a belladonna alkaloid, is a non-subtype-selective muscarinic, and also a nicotinic cholinoceptor antagonist. Anisodamine hydrobromide employs in traditional Chinese medicine for many ailments, mainly to improve the microcirculation in states of shock, and also in organophosphate poisoning[1].
Timolol is a β-blocker available for both topical and systemic administration. Topical Timolol is primarily used to reduce intraocular pressure with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Timolol can also be used for the research of infantile hemangiomas, hypertension, myocardial infarction, migraine prophylaxis, and atrial fibrillation.Timolol also has cardioprotective effect[1][2].
BMY 45778 is a non-prostanoid prostacyclin mimetic. BMY 45778 inhibits human (IC50 = 35 nM), rabbit (IC50: 136 nM) and rat (IC50 : 1.3 μM) platelet aggregation. BMY 45778 also activates adenylyl cyclase. BMY 45778 is a partial agonist at the prostacyclin receptor[1].
VU 0360223 is a potent metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) negative allosteric modulator with an IC50 of 61 nM[1].
Cyclobenzaprine Hcl is a skeletal muscle relaxant and a central nervous system (CNS) depressant.Target: 5-HT Receptor 2ACyclobenzaprine is a skeletal muscle relaxant and a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Cyclobenzaprine was thought to be an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist that reduced muscle tone by decreasing the activity of descending noradrenergic neurons. Cyclobenzaprine reduced the monosynaptic reflex amplitude dose dependently and this effect was not inhibited by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists idazoxan and yohimbine. Cyclobenzaprine-induced monosynaptic reflex depression was not attenuated by noradrenergic neuronal lesions produced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Cyclobenzaprine is a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist and that its muscle relaxant effect is due to inhibition of serotonergic, not noradrenergic, descending systems in the spinal cord [1]. The inhibitory effects of cyclobenzaprine on mono- and polysynaptic reflex potentials are due to the inhibition of descending serotonergic systems through 5-HT(2) receptors in the spinal cord [2].
Promethazine Hcl(NSC-231688) is the first-generation antihistamine; strong antagonist of the H1 receptor and moderate mACh receptor antagonist, moderate affinity for 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, D2 and α1-adrenergic receptors.
Uroguanylin (human) is a natural ligand for the Guanylyl Cyclase (GCC) receptor expressed in metastatic colorectal cancer tumors. Uroguanylin (human) has anti-tumor actions in an animal model for human colon cancer[1][2].
Antiplatelet agent 2 (compound 7p) is a Ticagrelor analoguehas, possessing antiplatelet activity. Antiplatelet agent 2 can be used for researching platelet aggregation[1].
RS102895 hydrochloride is a potent CCR2 antagonist, with an IC50 of 360 nM, and shows no effect on CCR1.
SQ22536 is an effective adenylate cyclase (AC) inhibitor.
CYM-5541 (ML249) is an selective and allosteric S1P3 receptor agonist with an EC50 between 72 and 132 nM.
Itopride (HSR803 free base) is a potent and orally active dopamine-2 antagonist and an acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitor. Itopride enhances gastric motility through both antidopaminergic and anti-acetylcholinesterasic actions, can be used as a gastrointestinal prokinetic agent. Itopride can be used for researching gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)[1].
Amisulpride hydrochloride is a dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with Kis of 2.8 and 3.2 nM for human dopamine D2 and D3, respectively.
Metoclopramide is a dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.IC50 Value:Target: D2 ReceptorMetoclopramide is a dopamine receptor antagonist which has been used for treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms over the last thirty years. In various countries, metoclopramide is the antiemetic drug of choice in pregnant women. Findings provide reassurance regarding the safety of metoclopramide for the fetus when the drug is given to women to relieve nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Evidence also supports its use for gastroparesis (poor stomach emptying) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. It appears to bind to dopamine D2 receptors where it is a receptor antagonist, and is also a mixed 5-HT3 receptor antagonist/ 5-HT4 receptor agonist.
Trans-Cevimeline (AF102A) (hydrochloride), as a trans-isomer of AF102B, is a M1 selective cholinergic agonist. Trans-Cevimeline (AF102A) (hydrochloride) can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease[1].
Tandospirone citrate is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM) that displays selectivity over SR-2, SR-1C, α1, α2, D1 and D2 receptors (Ki values ranging from 1300-41000 nM). IC50 Value: 27±5 nM(Ki) [1]Target: 5-HT1Ain vitro: Tandospirone is most potent at the 5-HT1A receptor, displaying a Ki value of 27 +/- 5 nM. The agent is approximately two to three orders of magnitude less potent at 5-HT2, 5-HT1C, alpha 1-adrenergic, alpha 2-adrenergic, and dopamine D1 and D2 receptors (Ki values ranging from 1300 to 41000 nM). Tandospirone is essentially inactive at 5-HT1B receptors; 5-HT uptake sites; beta-adrenergic, muscarinic cholinergic, and benzodiazepine receptors [1]. 3H-SM-3997 bound rapidly, reversibly and in a saturable manner with high affinity to rat brain hippocampal membranes (Kd = 9.4 nM, Bmax = 213 fmol/mg protein) [2]. in vivo: Chronic treatment with tandospirone, at 0.2 and 1.0mg/kg/day, but not 2.0mg/kg/day, attenuated footshock stress-induced eLAC elevation in the mPFC [3]. Rats were acutely administered tandospirone (0, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Tandospirone decreased the number of premature responses, an index of impulsive action, in a dose-dependent manner [4].Toxicity: It is not believed to be addictive but it is known to produce mild withdrawal effects (e.g. anorexia) after abrupt discontinuation.
Binodenoson (MRE-0470) is a potent and selective A2A adenosine receptor agonist (KD=270 nM). Binodenoson is being developed as a short-acting coronary vasodilator as an adjunct to radiotracers for use in myocardial stress imaging[1].
Imidafenacin(KRP-197; ONO-8025) is a potent and selective inhibitor of M3 receptors with Kb of 0.317 nM; less potent for M2 receptors(IC50=4.13 nM).IC50 value: 0.3 nM(M3) [1]in vitro: KRP-197 showed equipotent anti-M2 and anti-M3 activity and decreased subtype-selectivity [1]. in vivo: Intraduodenal administration of KRP-197 (0.04±0.30 mg/kg) inhibited bladder contraction dose-dependently, and the ED30 value was 0.11 mg/kg. The inhibitory action of KRP-197 on the bladder contraction was 19 times as potent as that of oxybutynin. KRP-197 showed preventive action againstthe decrease in bladder capacity induced by carbachol(ED50 0.074 mg/kg, intragastric administration), andthe potency of the inhibitory action was 15-fold greaterthan that of oxybutynin [1]. The learning-inhibitory doses of intravenous oxybutynin hydrochloride and tolterodine tartrate were 0.3 and 3 mg/kg in sham-operated rats and 0.1 and 1 mg/kg in nbM-lesioned rats, respectively. Thus, the learning impairments by those antimuscarinics were more sensitive in nbM-lesioned rats than in sham-operated rats. On the other hand, intravenous administration of imidafenacin had no influence on learning in either case of the rats. In normal rats, however, intracerebroventricular administration of imidafenacin impaired learning to the same degree as that of oxybutynin hydrochloride [2].
Doxofylline is an antagonist of adenosine A1 receptor which also inhibits phosphodiesterase IV.
FTIDC is an orally active, noncompetitive, selective allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1 antagonist with an IC50 of 5.8 nM for human mGluR1a. FTIDC has no species differences in its antagonistic activity on recombinant human, mouse, and rat mGluR1[1].
Imiloxan is a potent and selective alpha 2B-adrenoceptor antagonist. Imiloxan has the potential for acute kidney injury research[1][2].