PPARs (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) are ligand-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily comprising of the following three subtypes: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. PPARs play essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), and tumorigenesis of higher organisms. All PPARs heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and bind to specific regions on the DNA of target genes. Activation of PPAR-α reduces triglyceride level and is involved in regulation of energy homeostasis. Activation of PPAR-γ causes insulin sensitization and enhances glucose metabolism, whereas activation of PPAR-β/δ enhances fatty acids metabolism.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
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Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
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Epigenetics >
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GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
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Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

5-Aminosalicylic acid-13C6

5-Aminosalicylic acid-13C6 is the 13C labeled 5-Aminosalicylic Acid[1]. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine) acts as a specific PPARγ agonist and also inhibits p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and NF-κB[2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 1189709-96-3
  • MF: C7H7NO3
  • MW: 159.09100
  • Catalog: PAK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

CUDA

CUDA is a potent inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), with IC50s of 11.1 nM and 112 nM for mouse sEH and human sEH, respectively[1]. CUDA selectively increases peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha activity. CUDA may be valuable for the research of cardiovascular disease[2].

  • CAS Number: 479413-68-8
  • MF: C19H36N2O3
  • MW: 340.501
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 549.4±19.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 286.1±21.5 °C

Naveglitazar

Naveglitazar (LY519818) is a nonthiozolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α-γ dual, γ-dominant agonist that has shown glucose-lowering potential in animal models[1].

  • CAS Number: 476436-68-7
  • MF: C25H26O6
  • MW: 422.47000
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Rivoglitazone

Rivoglitazone is a thiazolidinedione-derivative PPARγ agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  • CAS Number: 185428-18-6
  • MF: C20H19N3O4S
  • MW: 397.448
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 669.3±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 358.6±27.3 °C

Naringenin

Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in grapefruit; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

  • CAS Number: 480-41-1
  • MF: C15H12O5
  • MW: 272.253
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 577.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 247-250 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 224.7±23.6 °C

G3335

H-​Trp-​Glu-​OH is a selective, reversible and cell-permeable PPARγ with a Kd of ~8 µM. H-​Trp-​Glu-​OH might be developed as a possible lead compound in diabetes research[1].

  • CAS Number: 36099-95-3
  • MF: C16H19N3O5
  • MW: 333.33900
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

4β-Hydroxywithanolide E

4β-Hydroxywithanolide E, isolated from Physalis peruviana L., inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells through modulation of mitotic clonal expansion. 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E is an adipogenesis inhibitor and inhibits PPARγ, C/EBPα, and the adipocyte-specific molecule aP2 mRNA expression[1].

  • CAS Number: 54334-04-2
  • MF: C28H38O8
  • MW: 502.59700
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.39g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 728.3ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 242.1ºC

Pargluva

Muraglitazar is a PPAR α/γ dual agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated dyslipidemia. Muraglitazar shows potent activity in vitro at human PPARα (EC50 = 320 nM) and PPARγ(EC50 = 110 nM)[1].

  • CAS Number: 331741-94-7
  • MF: C29H28N2O7
  • MW: 516.54200
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.274g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 736.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 399.2ºC

Daidzein

Daidzein is a soy isoflavone, which acts as a PPAR activator.

  • CAS Number: 486-66-8
  • MF: C15H10O4
  • MW: 254.238
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 512.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 315-323°C (dec.)
  • Flash Point: 201.2±23.6 °C

Bilobetin

Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 521-32-4
  • MF: C31H20O10
  • MW: 552.484
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 869.9±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 296-298ºC
  • Flash Point: 291.9±27.8 °C

Fmoc-leucine-13C6,15N

Fmoc-leucine-13C6,15N is a 15N-labeled and 13C-labled Fmoc-leucine. Fmoc-leucine is a selective PPARγ modulator. Fmoc-leucine activates PPARγ with a lower potency but a similar maximal efficacy than rosiglitazone. Fmoc-leucine improves insulin sensitivity

  • CAS Number: 1163133-36-5
  • MF: C1513C6H2315NO4
  • MW: 360.36
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

AMG131

AMG131 (INT131), a potent and highly selective PPARγ partial agonist, binds to PPARγ and displaces Rosiglitazone with a Ki of ~10 nM. AMG131 can be used for research of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 315224-26-1
  • MF: C21H12Cl4N2O3S
  • MW: 514.21
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PPARγ-IN-2

PPARγ-IN-2 (Compound 5a) is a PPARγ inhibitor. PPARγ-IN-2 inhibits TG accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (EC50: 0.106 μM). PPARγ-IN-2 inhibits high-cholesterol diet (HFC)-induced obesity and related metabolic syndrome, and reduces lipid accumulation in adipose tissue[1].

  • CAS Number: 2682078-97-1
  • MF: C19H21N5O
  • MW: 335.40
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

GW0742

GW0742 is a high affinity PPAR β/δ agonist with an IC50 of 1 nM for human PPARδ, and EC50s of 1 nM, 1.1 μM and 2 μM for human PPARδ, PPARα, and PPARγ, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 317318-84-6
  • MF: C21H17F4NO3S2
  • MW: 471.488
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 591.5±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 134.5-135.5 °C
  • Flash Point: 311.5±32.9 °C

Fenofibric acid-d6

Fenofibric acid-d6 (FNF acid-d6) is the deuterium labeled Fenofibric acid. Fenofibric acid, an active metabolite of fenofibrate, is a PPAR activitor, with EC50s of 22.4 µM, 1.47 µM, and 1.06 µM for PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively; Fenofibric acid also inhibits COX-2 enzyme activity, with an IC50 of 48 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1092484-69-9
  • MF: C17H9ClD6O4
  • MW: 324.78900
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tibesaikosaponin V

Tibesaikosaponin V (TKV) is a triterpene diglycoside, which can be isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of Bupleurum chinense DC.. Tibesaikosaponin V inhibits lipid accumulation and triacylglycerol content occurred without cytotoxicity to adipocytes. Tibesaikosaponin V suppresses the mRNA expression of nuclear transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα). Tibesaikosaponin V inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Tibesaikosaponin V can be used fro research of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders[1].

  • CAS Number: 2319668-87-4
  • MF: C42H68O15
  • MW: 812.98
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.40±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • Boiling Point: 950.9±65.0 °C(Predicted)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BAY-4931

BAY-4931 is a potent, covalent and selective PPARγ inverse-agonist with an IC50 of 0.17 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 423150-91-8
  • MF: C22H16ClN3O4
  • MW: 421.83
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

GW 9578

GW9578 is a subtype-selective PPARα agonist (EC50s of 5 and 50 nM for murine and human PPAR-α) with potent lipid-lowering activity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 247923-29-1
  • MF: C26H34F2N2O3S
  • MW: 492.622
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 641.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 341.9±31.5 °C

Ciprofibrate impurity A

Ciprofibrate impurity A is an impurity of Ciprofibrate. Ciprofibrate is a PPARα agonist[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Wistin

Wistin, isolated from Caragana sinica roots, is a PPARα and PPARγ agonist[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 19046-26-5
  • MF: C23H24O10
  • MW: 460.43100
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PPARγ agonist 4

PPARγ agonist 4 (Compound 18b) is a potent and selective agonist of PPARγ. PPARγ agonist 4 is not cytotoxic neither on non-resistant nor on resistant cells. PPARγ agonist 4 exerts antitumor potency only in combination with Imatinib[1].

  • CAS Number: 2380227-06-3
  • MF: C24H22FN3O
  • MW: 387.45
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5,8,11,14-Icosatetraynoic acid

Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) is a nonspecific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase (ID50=8 μM and 4 μM, respectively)[1]. Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) activates PPARα and PPARγ chimeras at 10 µM[2].

  • CAS Number: 1191-85-1
  • MF: C20H24O2
  • MW: 296.403
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 490.3±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 79-81ºC
  • Flash Point: 226.6±23.4 °C

ST247

ST247 a potent PPARβ/δ inverse agonist. ST247 has a higher affinity to PPARβ/δ. ST247 modulates expression of the activation marker CCL2 in the opposite direction. ST247 efficiently induces the interaction with corepressors. ST247 inhibits the agonist-induced transcriptional activity of PPARβ/δ[1].

  • CAS Number: 1356497-91-0
  • MF: C19H26N2O5S2
  • MW: 426.550
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 595.0±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 313.6±32.9 °C

Tetradcylthioacetic acid

2-Tetradecylthio acetic acid is a pan-peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (pan-PPAR) activator. 2-Tetradecylthio acetic acid induces hypolipidemia. 2-Tetradecylthio acetic acid reduces plasma lipids and enhances hepatic fatty acid oxidation in rodents. 2-Tetradecylthio acetic acid increases the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, activation, accumulation, and oxidation[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2921-20-2
  • MF: C16H32O2S
  • MW: 288.489
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 402.6±28.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 65-73°C
  • Flash Point: 197.3±24.0 °C

Kihadanin B

Kihadanin B is a citrus limonoid that can be purified from the peels of immature Citrus unshiu. Kihadanin B suppresses adipogenesis through repression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ axis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes[1].

  • CAS Number: 73793-68-7
  • MF: C26H30O9
  • MW: 486.51100
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Fmoc-Ala-OH-13C3

Fmoc-Ala-OH-13C3 is a 13C-labeled Fmoc-leucine. Fmoc-leucine is a selective PPARγ modulator. Fmoc-leucine activates PPARγ with a lower potency but a similar maximal efficacy than rosiglitazone. Fmoc-leucine improves insulin sensitivity in normal, diet-ind

  • CAS Number: 765259-05-0
  • MF: C1513C3H17NO4
  • MW: 314.31
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Fmoc-Leu-OH

Fmoc-leucine is a selective PPARγ modulator. Fmoc-leucine activates PPARγ with a lower potency but a similar maximal efficacy than rosiglitazone. Fmoc-leucine improves insulin sensitivity in normal, diet-induced glucose-intolerant, and in diabetic db/db mice. Fmoc-leucine has a lower adipogenic activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 35661-60-0
  • MF: C21H23NO4
  • MW: 353.412
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 559.8±33.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 152-156 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 292.4±25.4 °C

Cinnamyl alcohol

Cinnamyl Alcohol is an active component from chestnut flower, inhibits increased PPARγ expression, with anti-obesity activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 104-54-1
  • MF: C9H10O
  • MW: 134.175
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 250.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 30-33 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 124.8±14.5 °C

Methyl oleanonate

Methyl oleanonate is a natural triterpene PPARγ agonist isolated from the species of Pistacia[1]. Methyl oleanonate is a modified oleanolic acid derivative with anti-cancer effects[2].

  • CAS Number: 1721-58-0
  • MF: C31H48O3
  • MW: 468.71100
  • Catalog: PPAR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Demethoxyfumitremorgin C

Demethoxyfumitremorgin C is a secondary metabolite of the marine fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. Demethoxyfumitremorgin C induces prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Demethoxyfumitremorgin C activates caspase-3, -8, and -9, leading to PARP/ cleavage[1].

  • CAS Number: 111768-16-2
  • MF: C21H23N3O2
  • MW: 349.43
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 617.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 327.4±31.5 °C