Cisatracurium Besylate is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.Target: AChR alpha-2Cisatracurium is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinolinium agent with an intermediate duration of action. Cisatracurium is one of the ten isomers of the parent molecule, atracurium. Moreover, cisatracurium represents approximately 15% of the atracurium mixture [1, 2].
Tramiprosate is a small, orally-administered compound that binds to soluble Aβ and reduces amyloid aggregation and subsequent depositiontarget: AβIn vitro: Tramiprosate provides neuroprotection against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal and mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures, and reverses Aβ-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) inhibition in rat hippocampus, in part, through activation of β-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) receptors. Tramiprosate dose-dependently provides neuroprotection against ischemic stroke.In vivo: Tramiprosate produced dose-dependent reductions of Aβ in the brain of transgenic mice (hAPP-TgCRND8). Clinical studies show that tramiprosate was safe and tolerable. In mild-to-moderate AD patients tramiprosate also reduced Aβ42 levels in CSF.The reference for animal administration is 50 mg/kg.
LY344864 is a selective receptor agonist with an affinity of 6 nM (Ki) at the recently cloned 5-HT1F receptor.IC50 Value: 6 nM (Ki) [1]Target: 5-HT1FLY344864 possesses little affinity for the 56 other serotonergic and non-serotonergic neuronal binding sites examined [1].in vitro: he 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonists 8-OH-DPAT (3 microM), CP93129 (3 microM) and L694247 (3 microM), but not the 5-HT1F receptor agonist LY344864 (1 - 3 microM) inhibited evoked IPSCs [2].in vivo: After an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg, rat plasma LY344864 levels declined with time whereas brain cortex levels remained relatively constant for the first 6 hours after injection. Oral and intravenous LY344864 administration potently inhibited dural protein extravasation caused by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in rats [1]. Sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, and naratriptan all contracted the rabbit saphenous vein from baseline tone, whereas LY344864 in concentrations up to 10(-4) M did not contract the rabbit saphenous vein. Furthermore, vascular contractions to sumatriptan were markedly augmented in the presence of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)). However, even in the presence of PGF(2alpha) (3 x 10(-7) M), LY344864 did not contract the rabbit saphenous vein in concentrations well in excess of its 5-HT(1F) receptor affinity (pK(i) = 8.2) [3].
Haloperidol is a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, widely used as an antipsychotic.
(RS)-CPP ((±)-CPP) is a potent and selective NMDA antagonist. (RS)-CPP inhibits central neuron responses, and has anticonvulsant activity[1].
A novel potent and selective negative modulator of AMPA receptors containing TARP-gamma8
MAO-B-IN-1 is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, used for the research of neurological diseases.
hBChE-IN-2 (compound 15d) is a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor (IC50 of 0.62 μM) and a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist. hBChE-IN-2 has neuroprotection activities[1].
Isoeugenol acetate, an essential oil constituent of nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon, shows excellent inhibitory effects against some metabolic enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes (IC50=77 nM; Ki=16 nM), α-glycosidase (IC50=19.25 nM; Ki=21 nM), and α-amylase (IC50=411.5 nM). Isoeugenol acetate is used medical and cosmetics industries for its antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties[1][2].
Neurokinin B belongs to the tachykinin family of peptides. Neurokinin B binds a family of GPCRs—including neurokinin receptor 1 (NK1R), NK2R, and NK3R-to mediate their biological effect.
rel-Tranylcypromine (SKF 385) is a potent monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor[1].
Uldazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative and can be used to treat patients with anxiety syndromes as tranquilizer.
LY 344864 S-enantiomer is the S-enantiomer of LY344864. LY344864 is a 5-HT1F receptor agonist.
S-(+)-Mecamylamine (hydrochloride) is a neuronal nicotinic receptor modulator with antidepressant activity.
Lasmiditan hydrochloride is a high-affinity, highly selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist (Ki=2.1 nM), compared with Ki of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively.IC50 value: 2.1 nM (Ki, 5-HT1F); >1000 nM (Ki, 5-HT1B/5-HT1D) [1]Target: 5-HT1F receptorin vitro: In vitro binding studies Lasmiditan showed a K(i) value of 2.21 nM at the 5-HT(1F) receptor, compared with K(i) values of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively, a selectivity ratio greater than 470-fold. Lasmiditan show higher selectivity for the 5-HT(1F) receptor relative to other 5-HT(1) receptor subtypes than the first generation 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist LY334370. Unlike the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist sumatriptan, lasmiditan did not contract rabbit saphenous vein rings, a surrogate assay for human coronary artery constriction, at concentrations up to 100 μM.in vivo: In two rodent models of migraine, oral administration of lasmiditan potently inhibited markers associated with electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (dural plasma protein extravasation, and induction of the immediate early gene c-Fos in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis).
Deoxyneocryptotanshinone, a natural tanshinone, is a high affinity BACE1 (Beta-secretase) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 11.53 μM. Deoxyneocryptotanshinone shows a promising dose-dependent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with an IC50 value of 133.5 μM. Deoxyneocryptotanshinone can be used for Alzheimer's disease research[1][2].
mGAT3/4-IN-1 (compound 19b) is a potent mGAT3/mGAT4 inhibitor, with pIC50 values of 5.31 and 5.24, respectively. mGAT3/4-IN-1 exhibits a significant tactile allodynia reduction in diabetic neuropathic mice[1].
CY 208-243 is a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist which exhibits antiparkinsonian activity[1].
Batefenterol (GSK961081;TD-5959) is a novel muscarinic receptor antagonist and β2-adrenoceptor agonist; displays high affinity for hM2, hM3 muscarinic and hβ2-adrenoceptor with Ki values of 1.4, 1.3 and 3.7 nM, respectively.
Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties.Target: mAChROxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. Oxybutynin competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It also has direct spasmolytic effects on bladder smooth muscle as a calcium antagonist and local anesthetic, but at concentrations far above those used clinically. Oxybutynin is available orally in generic formulation or as the brand-names Ditropan, Lyrinel XL, or Ditrospam, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique. Oxybutynin is also a possible treatment of hyperhidrosis (hyper-active sweating) [1-3].
Pilocarpine is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Brasofensine (BMS-204756) sulfate is a dopamine transporter antagonist and can be used for parkinson’s disease research[1].
Aprophen (Aprofene) is an antimuscarinic inhibitor. Aprophen can be used for the research of central nervous system[1].
LY2795050 is a novel selective κ-opioid Receptor (KOR) antagonist (IC50=0.72 nM) and has the potential as a PET tracer to image KOR in vivo.IC50 Value: 0.72 nM (κ-opioid Receptor); 25.8 nM (κ-opioid) [1]Target: κ-opioid Receptorin vitro: LY2795050 displays full antagonist activity and high binding affinity and selectivity for KOR with a ki value of 0.72 nM [1].in vivo: In the brain, (11)C-LY2795050 displayed fast uptake kinetics (regional activity peak times of <20 min) and an uptake pattern consistent with the distribution of KOR in primates [1]. The LY2795050 ED50 at MOR was 119 μg/kg based on a 1-site model for 11C-carfentanil. The 1-site binding model was also deemed sufficient to describe the specific binding of 11C-LY2795050 at KOR. The ED50 at KOR estimated from the 1-site model was 15.6 μg/kg. Thus, the ED50 ratio for MOR:KOR was 7.6 [2].
gamma-DGG is a competitive AMPA receptor blocker.
BMS-986163 is a negative allosteric modulator of GluN2B. The prodrug BMS-986163 rapidly converts to its active parent molecule BMS-986169 (Ki=4 nM, IC50=24 nM).
FAUC 365 is a highly dopamine D3 receptor-selective antagonist with Ki values of 0.5 nM, 340, 2600, and 3600 nM at D3, D4.4, D2short, and D2Long receptors, respectively. FAUC 365 can be used for the research of schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease[1][2].
Procaine Hydrochloride is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group.Target: OthersProcaine is a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action.Procaine (0.01-100 microM) inhibited the 5-HT3 receptor-mediated inward current in the whole-cell patch clamp recording. Procaine appears to produce a competitive inhibition on 5-HT3 receptors with a KD of 1.7 microM [1]. Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent that produces a 40% reduction in 5-methylcytosine DNA content as determined by high-performance capillary electrophoresis or total DNA enzyme digestion. Procaine can also demethylate densely hypermethylated CpG islands. Procaine also has growth-inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, causing mitotic arrest [2]. Procaine functions as an excitant of limbic system cells, and that procaine alters synaptic transmission in some, but not all, output pathways from the amygdale [3].
Epiberberine chloride, a natural alkaloid, is a BACE1 inhibitor, which also exhibits inhibition activity on CYP2D6 and aldose reductase, alpha-adrenoceptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase, and b-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1.
MK-3207 (Hydrochloride) is a potent and orally bioavailable CGRP receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.12 nM and Ki of 0.024 nM, and is highly selective versus human AM1, AM2, CTR, and AMY3.