TCN 213 is a selective, surmountable, glycine-dependentlly GluN1/GluN2A NMDAR antagonist with IC50s of 0.55, 3.5, 40 μM in the presence of 75, 750, 7500 nM glycine, respectively. TCN 213 can be used to monitor, pharmacologically, the switch in NMDAR expression in developing cortical neurones[1][2].
BPAM344 is a kainate receptor (KAR) subunits GluK1b, GluK2a, and GluK3a positive allosteric modulator (PAM)[1].
TCN 201 is a potent, selective and non-competitive antagonist of GluN1/GluN2A NMDAR. TCN 201 antagonism is dependent on the GluN1-agonist concentration. TCN 201 allows pharmacological identification of native GluN2A-containing NMDAR populations[1].
CX546 is a selective positive AMPAR modulator; the prototypical ampakine agent.IC50 value:Target: AMPAR agonistin vitro: Treatments with the ampakine CX614 markedly and reversibly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein levels in cultured rat entorhinal/hippocampal slices [1]. in contrast to cyclothiazide or IDRA 21, the Ampakine CX546 binds specifically to the agonist bound nondesensitized receptor, most likely acting by destabilizing the desensitized receptor conformation [2]. In binding tests, CX546 caused an approximately 2-fold increase in the affinity for radiolabeled agonists, whereas CX516 was ineffective [3]. in vivo: Intraperitoneal injections of CX546 increased hippocampal BDNF mRNA levels in aged rats and middle-aged mice [1]. Administration of the positive modulator of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (AMPAR), CX546, during the conditioning phase only, improved the disrupted LI in mGluR5 knockout mice and facilitated LI in control C57BL/6J mice, given extended number of conditioning trails (four conditioning stimulus-unconditioned stimulus) [4].
UBP608 is a potent N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) negative allosteric modulator. UBP608 has the potential for the research of neurological disorders[1].
L-Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) is an endogenous excitatory amino acid that acts as a NMDA receptor agonist (EC50: 14 μM). L-Homocysteic acid is neurotoxic, and can be used in the research of neurological disorders[1][2][3].
L-Glutamic acid-13C2 is the 13C labeled L-Glutamic acid[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals[2].
Neboglamine (CR-2249, XY-2401) hydrochloride is an orally active NMDA receptor glycine site positive modulator that can be used in schizophrenia research[1].
Mibampator (LY451395) is a potent and highly selective potentiator of the AMPA receptors.
CFM-2 is a selective non-competitive AMPAR antagonist.IC50 value:Target: AMPAR antagonistin vitro: AMPA antagonists GYKI 52466 and CFM-2 inhibit the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway, CFM-2 reduced phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), suppressed expression of cyclin D1, upregulated the cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressor proteins p21 and p53 and decreased number of lung adenocarcinoma cells in G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.in vivo: Pretreatment with CFM-2 delayed the progression of seizure rank during repeated administration of pentylentetrazole. At the end of the period of repeated pentylentetrazole treatment (6 weeks) the mean seizure score was 0 in vehicle treated controls, 4.3 in animals treated with vehicle + pentylentetrazole, 2.2 in rats treated chronically with CFM-2 (20 micromol kg(-1) i.p.) + pentylentetrazole and 1.0 in rats treated repeatedly with CFM-2 (50 micromol kg(-1) i.p.) + pentylenetetrazole. CFM-2 was also able to antagonize the long-term increase in sensitivity of the convulsant effects of GABA function inhibitors in pentylentetrazole-kindled animals [1]. CFM-2 has been proven to possess anticonvulsant activity in various models of seizures [2]. Intrathecal application of two selective non-competitive AMPAR antagonists, CFM-2 (25 and 50 microg) and GYKI 52466 (50 microg), significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities on the ipsilateral hind paw at 2 and 24 h post-CFA injection. Neither CFM-2 nor GYKI 52466 affected the contralateral basal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli [4].
CX614 is a positive variant modulator of AMPA receptors that enhances excitatory postsynaptic potentials (amplitude and duration) by blocking and slowing the inactivation of responses to glutamate and automatically evokes excitatory postsynaptic currents in neuronal cultures. CX614 can be used in the study of psychiatric disorders such as depression[1][2].
SYM 2206 is a novel, potent, non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist (IC50= 2.8 μM).IC50 value: 2.8 μMTarget: AMPA receptorSYM 2206 exerts anticonvulsant effects, elevates the threshold for maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. TID20 and TID50(threshold increasing doses by 20% and 50%) values for SYM 2206 are 4.25 and 10.56 mg/kg in the MEST test in mice, respectively.
PPDA is a subtype-selective NMDA receptor antagonist that preferentially binds to NR2C/NR2D containing receptors[1].
Glycine-d2,15N is the deuterium and 15N-labeled Glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Aniracetam(Ro 13-5057) is a nootropics and neuroprotective drug, which is selectively modulates the AMPA receptor and nAChR.Target: AMPA; nAChRAniracetam is an ampakine and nootropic of the racetam chemical class purported to be considerably more potent than piracetam. It selectively modulates the AMPA receptor. It is lipid soluble and has possible cognition enhancing effects. It has been tested in animals extensively, Alzheimer's patients and temporarily-impaired healthy subjects. It has shown potential as an anxiolytic in three clinical animal models [1].Administration of aniracetam for 10 days (post-natal days (PND) 18-27), at a dose of 50 mg/kg reversed cognitive deficits in both rat genders, indicated by a significant increase in the number of avoidances and the number of 'good learners'. After the termination of the nootropic treatment, a significant increase in both amplitude and frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated mEPSCs in hippocampal CA-1 pyramidal cells was observed [2].Clinical indications: Cognitive disorder; StrokeFDA Approved Date: Toxicity: insomnia; headaches; nausea or rash.
Glycine-13C is the 13C-labeled Glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
(-)-MK 801 Maleate is the enantiomer of (+)-MK-801. (+)-MK 801 Maleate is a potent, selective and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.
L-AP5 (L-APV; L-2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) is an NMDA antagonist and is the isomer of D-AP5 (HY-100714A).L-AP5 shows a relatively weak amino acid and synaptic blocking activity[1].
Flupirtine Maleate(D 9998) is a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties.IC50 Value: Target: Potassium channel; NMDA receptorin vitro: High concentrations of flupirtine antagonized inward currents to NMDA(200 microM) at -70 mV with an lC50 against steady-state responses of 182.1+/-12.1 microM. The effects of flupirtine were voltage-independent and not associated with receptor desensitization making actions within the NMDA receptor channel or at the glycine modulatory site unlikely. NMDA receptor antagonism probably has little relevance for the clinical efficacy of flupirtine as the concentrations needed were far higher than those achieved in clinical practice. However, the activation of a G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channel was identified as an interesting molecular target site of flupirtine. In the next stage, the central nervous spectrum of action of experimental K+ channel openers (PCO) was considered. As far as they have been studied, experimental K+ channel openers display a spectrum of action comparable to that of flupirtine [1]. Therapeutic flupirtine concentrations (≤10 μM) did not affect voltage-gated Na(+) or Ca(2+) channels, inward rectifier K(+) channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, glycine or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Flupirtine shifted the gating of K(V)7 K(+) channels to more negative potentials and the gating of GABA(A) receptors to lower GABA concentrations [2]. Cell exposure to flupirtine decreased the amplitude of delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K(DR))) with a concomitant raise in current inactivation in NSC-34 neuronal cells [4].in vivo: Rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10.0 mg/kg i.p., 10 min) from no drug under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.87 mg/kg. The opioid analgesics pentazocine, codeine and tramadol failed to produce flupirtine appropriate responding. The opioid antagonist naltrexone did not antagonize the discriminative effects of flupirtine [3]. Both morphine (ED50=0.74 mg/kg) and flupirtine (ED50=3.32 mg/kg) caused dose-related anti-hyperalgesia at doses that did not cause sedation [5]. Toxicity: Based on study-end data, hepatotoxicity was detected in 31% of patients receiving flupirtine for ≥ 6 weeks [6].
Linalool is natural monoterpene in essential olis of coriander, acts as a competitive antagonist of Nmethyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, with anti-tumor, anti-cardiotoxicity activity[1].
cis-ACPD is a potent agonist of NMDA receptor, with an IC50 of 3.3 μM. And it is also a selective agonist of group II mGluR, with EC50s of 13 μM and 50 μM for mGluR2 and mGluR4, respectively[1][2].
Felbamate-d4 (W-554-d4) is the deuterium labeled Felbamate. Felbamate (W-554) is a potent nonsedative anticonvulsant whose clinical effect may be related to the inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA).
Cl-HIBO is a highly subtype-selective GluR1/2 agonist (EC50=4.7 and 1.7 μM, respectively). Cl-HIBO is a potent AMPA receptor agonist (IC50=0.22 μM). Cl-HIBO has desensitizing properties[1].
Fluoroethylnormemantine, a derivative of Memantine, is an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. [18F]-Fluoroethylnormemantine can be used as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer. Fluoroethylnormemantine exhibits anti-amnesic, neuroprotective, antidepressant-like and fear-attenuating effects[1][2][3].
Traxoprodil mesylate (CP101,606) is a potent and selective NMDA antagonist and protect hippocampal neurons with an IC50 of 10 nM.
Bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate is a NMDA receptor inhibitor. Bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate can block sodium, L-calcium, and potassium channels. Bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate potently blocks SCN5A channels with the IC50 of 69.5 μM. Bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate can be used for the research of chronic pain[1][2][3].
Mephenesin is an NMDA receptor antagonist, is a centrally acting muscle relaxant.Target: NMDA receptor
L-701324 is an orally active and long acting anticonvulsant with high affinity and selectivity for the glycine site on the NMDA receptor.Target: NMDA ReceptorL-701324 is a potent, active anticonvulsant with a reduced propensity to activate mesolimbic dopaminergic systems in rodents. L-701324 exhibits a beneficial action in the animal model of parkinsonian rigidity, but not that of parkinsonian akinesia. L-701324 (2.5-40 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently decreased the muscle tone enhanced by haloperidol (1-5 mg/kg, i.p.).
Glycine-1-13C is the 13C-labeled Glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
CNQX (FG9065) is a potent AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist.