Vinblastine sulfate is a cytotoxic alkaloid used against various cancer types. Vinblastine sulfate inhibits the formation of microtubule and suppresses nAChR with an IC50 of 8.9 μM.
Galangin is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor, and also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
Topotecan hydrochloride hydrate is an orally active and potent Topoisomerase I inhibitor. Topotecan hydrochloride hydrate induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases and promotes apoptosis. Topotecan hydrochloride hydrate shows anticancer activity[1].
DMH-1 is a potent and selective BMP inhibitor with IC50s of 27/107.9/<5/47.6 nM for ALK1/ALK2/ALK3/ALK6, respectively.
MRT68921 hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of ULK1 and ULK2, with IC50 values of 2.9 nM and 1.1 nM, respectively.
Hydroxychloroquine is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro[1][2][3].
Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate (Mepacrine hydrochloride hydrate) is an antimalarial agent, which possess anticancer effect both in vitro and vivo. Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses NF-κB and activates p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis[1].
Ranolazine(RS-43285) is an antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties that achieves its effects via a novel mechanism of action (inhibition of the late phase of the inward sodium current), without affecting heart rate or blood pressure (BP). IC50 value:Target: sodium-dependent calcium channelRanolazine is currently approved for use in chronic angina. The basis for this use is likely related to inhibition of late sodium channels with resultant beneficial downstream effects. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated an improvement in exercise capacity and reduction in angina episodes with ranolazine.
Bicalutamide is a non-steroidal androgen receptor inhibitor.
URMC-099 is an orally bioavailable and potent mixed lineage kinase type 3 (MLK3) (IC50=14 nM) inhibitor with with excellent blood-brain barrier penetration properties.
5-Aminolevulinic acid HCl is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.Target: Others5-Aminolevulinic acid is a non-fluorescent prodrug that leads to intracellular accumulation of fluorescent porphyrins in malignant gliomas-a finding that is under investigation for intraoperative identification and resection of these tumours. Median follow-up was 35.4 months (95% CI 1.0-56.7). Contrast-enhancing tumour was resected completely in 90 (65%) of 139 patients assigned 5-aminolevulinic acid compared with 47 (36%) of 131 assigned white light (difference between groups 29% [95% CI 17-40], p<0.0001). Patients allocated 5-aminolevulinic acid had higher 6-month progression free survival than did those allocated white light (41.0% [32.8-49.2] vs 21.1% [14.0-28.2]; difference between groups 19.9% [9.1-30.7], p=0.0003, Z test) [1]. 5-ALA alone proved to be insufficient in attaining gross total resection without the danger of incurring postoperative neurological deterioration. Furthermore, in the case of functional grade III gliomas, iMRI in combination with functional neuronavigation was significantly superior to the 5-ALA resection technique [2].
Onjisaponin B is a natural product derived from Radix Polygalae. Onjisaponin B enhances autophagy and accelerates the degradation of mutant α-synuclein and huntingtin in PC-12 cells, and exbibits potential therapeutic effects on Parkinson disease and Huntington disease[1].
Hoechst 33342 trihydrochloride is a DNA minor groove binder used fluorochrome for visualizing cellular DNA.
GSK621 is a specific AMPK activator, with IC50 values of 13-30 μM for AML cells. GSK621 induces autophagy and apoptosis. GSK621 induces eiF2α phosphorylation-a hallmark of UPR activation[1].
SB 202190 hydrochloride is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 hydrochloride binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 hydrochloride has anti-cancer activity[1][2]. SB202190 hydrochloride induces autophagy[3].
CUR5g is a potent Autophagy inhibitor. CUR5g selectively inhibits autophagosome degradation in cancer cells by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. CUR5g blocks the recruitment of STX17 to autophagosomes via a UVRAG-dependent mechanism, resulting in the inability of autophagosomes to fuse with lysosomes. CUR5g improves the anticancer effect of Cisplatin (HY-17394) against A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo[1].
Butyric acid is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, with anti-tumor effects in several cancers.
Glyphosate is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants[1].
Rupatadine Fumarate (UR-12592 Fumarate) is a potent dual PAF/H1 antagonist with Ki of 0.55/0.1 uM(rabbit platelet membranes/guinea pig cerebellum membranes).IC50 value:Target: PAF/H1 antagonistin vitro: Rupatadine competitively inhibited histamine-induced guinea pig ileum contraction (pA2 = 9.29 +/- 0.06) without affecting contraction induced by ACh, serotonin or leukotriene D4 (LTD4). It also competitively inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation in washed rabbit platelets (WRP) (pA2 = 6.68 +/- 0.08) and in human platelet-rich plasma (HPRP) (IC50 = 0.68 microM), while not affecting ADP- or arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation [1]. The IC50 for rupatadine in A23187, concanavalin A and anti-IgE induced histamine release was 0.7+/-0.4 microM, 3.2+/-0.7 microM and 1.5+/-0.4 microM, respectively whereas for loratadine the IC50 was 2.1+/-0.9 microM, 4.0+/-1.3 M and 1.7+/-0.5 microM. SR-27417A exhibited no inhibitory effect [2].in vivo: Rupatadine blocked histamine- and PAF-induced effects in vivo, such as hypotension in rats (ID50 = 1.4 and 0.44 mg/kg i.v., respectively) and bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs (ID50 = 113 and 9.6 micrograms/kg i.v.). Moreover, it potently inhibited PAF-induced mortality in mice (ID50 = 0.31 and 3.0 mg/kg i.v. and p.o., respectively) and endotoxin-induced mortality in mice and rats (ID50 = 1.6 and 0.66 mg/kg i.v.) [1]. rupatadine treatment improved the declined lung function and significantly decreased animal death. Moreover, rupatadine was able not only to attenuate silica-induced silicosis but also to produce a superior therapeutic efficacy compared to pirfenidone, histamine H1 antagonist loratadine, or PAF antagonist CV-3988 [3].
SRT 1720 dihydrochloride is a selective and orally active activator of SIRT1 with an EC50 of 0.10 μM, and shows less potent activities on SIRT2 and SIRT3[1].
Imatinib is a tyrosine kinases inhibitor that inhibits c-Kit, Bcr-Abl, and PDGFR (IC50=100 nM) tyrosine kinases.
Imatinib Mesylate is a tyrosine kinases inhibitor that inhibits c-Kit, Bcr-Abl, and PDGFR (IC50=100 nM) tyrosine kinases.
Icaritin(Anhydroicaritin) is a component of Epimedium flavonoid isolated from Herba Epimedii; enhances osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) while it inhibits adipogenic differentiation of MSCs by inhibiting PPAR-g pathway.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Icaritin was unable to promote proliferation, migration and tube like structure formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro [1]. Icaritin potently inhibited proliferation of K562 cells (IC50 was 8 μM) and primary CML cells (IC50 was 13.4 μM for CML-CP and 18 μM for CML-BC), induced CML cells apoptosis and promoted the erythroid differentiation of K562 cells with time-dependent manner. Furthermore, Icaritin was able to suppress the growth of primary CD34+ leukemia cells (CML) and Imatinib-resistant cells, and to induce apoptosis [2]. icaritin strongly inhibited the growth of breast cancer MDA-MB-453 and MCF7 cells. At concentrations of 2-3 μM, icaritin induced cell cycle arrest at the G(2)/M phase accompanied by a down-regulation of the expression levels of the G(2)/M regulatory proteins such as cyclinB, cdc2 and cdc25C. Icaritin at concentrations of 4-5 μM, however, induced apoptotic cell death characterized by the accumulation of the annexin V- and propidium iodide-positive cells, cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and down-regulation of the Bcl-2 expression [3].in vivo: In mouse leukemia model, Icaritin could prolong lifespan of NOD-SCID nude mice inoculated with K562 cells as effective as Imatinib without suppression of bone marrow. Icaritin could up-regulate phospho-JNK or phospho-C-Jun and down-regulate phospho-ERK, phospho-P-38, Jak-2, phospho-Stat3 and phospho-Akt expression with dose- or time-dependent manner [2].
Lamotrigine(BW430C) is a novel anticonvulsant drug for inhibition of 5-HT and sodium channelTarget: Sodium ChannelLamotrigine stabilises presynaptic neuronal membranes by blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels, thus preventing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate and aspartate [1]. In rat cerebral cortex tissue incubated with veratrine 10 mg/L, lamotrigine is twice as potent in inhibiting the release of glutamate and aspartate (ED 50 = 5.38 mg/L for each) than the release of GABA (ED50 = 11.2 mg/L), and is much less potent in inhibiting acetylcholine release (ED50 = 25.6 mg/L) when cortical slices is exposed to veratrine 75 mg/L. Basal glutamate release is unaffected [2]. Lamotrigine inhibits high-frequency sustained repetitive firing of sodium-dependent action potentials, indicating a direct effect on voltage-activated sodium channels [3]. Lamotrigine (Lamictal), a phenyltriazine derivative, is a well established anticonvulsant agent that has shown efficacy in the prevention of mood episodes in adult patients with bipolar I disorder. lamotrigine significantly delayed time to intervention for a depressive episode and showed limited efficacy in delaying time to intervention for a manic/hypomanic episode, compared with placebo. Lamotrigine is generally well tolerated [4].
MK-2206 free base is an orally active, highly potent and selective allosteric Akt inhibitor, with IC50s of 8, 12, and 65 nM for Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3, respectively. Many breast cancer cell lines, and PIK3CA-mutant and cell lines with PTEN loss are sensitive to MK-2206 free base. MK-2206 free base has anticancer activities[1][2].
MK-1468 is a high selective and brain-penetrant inhibitor of LRRK2 with an IC50 of 0.8 nM. MK-1468 can be used in study Parkinson’s disease[1].
U0126 is a potent and non-ATP competitive MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor, with IC50s of 70 nM and 60 nM, respectively.
Glychionide A is a flavonoside that can be found in the roots of Glychirriza glabra. Glychionide A promotes apoptosis and autophagy of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Glychionide A can be used for the research of cancer[1][2].
Valproic acid is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2; Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.