Cell apoptosis, sometimes called programmed cell death, is a cellular self-destruction method to remove old and damaged cells during development and aging to protect cells from external disturbances and maintain homeostasis. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when cells are damaged by disease or noxious agents.

Apoptosis is controlled by many genes and involves two fundamental pathways: the extrinsic pathway, which transmits death signals by the death receptor (DR), and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by the binding of the death ligand to DRs, including FasL, TNF-α, and TRAIL, on the plasma membrane. The DR, adaptor protein (FADD), and associated apoptosis signaling molecule (caspase-8) form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), thus leading to the activation of the effector caspase cascade (caspase-3, -6, and -7). The mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, including proapoptotic (Bid, Bax, Bak) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL).

Abnormalities in cell apoptosis can be a significant component of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, AIDS, ischemia, and neurode-generative diseases. These diseases may benefit from artificially inhibiting or activating apoptosis. A short list of potential methods of anti-apoptotic therapy includes stimulation of the IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) family of proteins, caspase inhibition, PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibition, stimulation of the PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, and inhibition of Bcl-2 proteins.

Ferroptosis and necroptosis are recently recognized forms of regulated cell death that differs considerably from apoptosis. Misregulated ferroptosis or necroptosis have also been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cancer cell death, neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.

References:
[1] Susan Elmore. Toxicol Pathol. 2007; 35(4): 495–516.
[2] Cao L, et al. J Cell Death. 2016 Dec 29;9:19-29.
[3] Dasgupta A, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan; 18(1): 23.
[4] Xie Y, et al. Cell Death Differ. 2016 Mar;23(3):369-79.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
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Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
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PROTAC >
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Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
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VD/VDR
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Cabozantinib-d6

Cabozantinib-d6 (XL184-d6) is the deuterium labeled Cabozantinib. Cabozantinib is a potent multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) inhibitor that inhibits VEGFR2, c-Met, Kit, Axl and Flt3 with IC50s of 0.035, 1.3, 4.6, 7 and 11.3 nM, respectively[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 1802168-46-2
  • MF: C28H18D6FN3O5
  • MW: 507.54
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Aurora A inhibitor 2

Aurora A inhibitor 2 (Compound 16h) is a potent Aurora A kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 21.94 nM. Aurora A inhibitor 2 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 2412144-74-0
  • MF: C24H26N6O3
  • MW: 446.50
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5-Fluorouracil-13C,15N2

5-Fluorouracil-13C,15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled 5-Fluorouracil[1]. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer[2][3]. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV[4].

  • CAS Number: 1189423-58-2
  • MF: C313CH3F15N2O2
  • MW: 133.057
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Xylopine

Xylopine is an aporphine alkaloid with cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. Xylopine induces oxidative stress, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 517-71-5
  • MF: C18H17NO3
  • MW: 295.33200
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.289g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 483.4ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 193.7ºC

Fluorescein-diisobutyrate-6-amide

Fluorescein-diisobutyrate-6-amide is a potent ferroptosis inducer. Fluorescein-diisobutyrate-6-amide has the potential for the research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 2375357-99-4
  • MF: C62H61ClN6O16
  • MW: 1181.63
  • Catalog: Ferroptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Leachianone A

Leachianone A, isolated from Radix Sophorae, has anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic potent[1]. Leachianone A induces apoptosis involved both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways[2].

  • CAS Number: 97938-31-3
  • MF: C26H30O6
  • MW: 438.513
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 649.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 218.3±25.0 °C

PROTAC Bcl-xL degrader-3

PROTAC Bcl-xL degrader-3 is a potent ROTAC Bcl-xL degrader (WO2020163823A2, compound 44)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2471970-60-0
  • MF: C82H105ClF3N11O11S4
  • MW: 1641.49
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Furazolidone-D4

Furazolidone-d4 is deuterium labeled Furazolidone.

  • CAS Number: 1217222-76-8
  • MF: C8H3D4N3O5
  • MW: 229.18
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Sophocarpine

Sophocarpine (monohydrate) is one of the significant alkaloid extracted from the traditional herb medicine Sophora flavescens which has many pharmacological properties such as anti-virus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory. Sophocarpine (monohydrate) significantly inhibits the growth of gastric cancer (GC) cells through multiple mechanisms such as induction of autophagy, activation of cell apoptosis and down-regulation of cell survival PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Sophocarpine (monohydrate) has been demonstrated to have anti-tumor activity in various cancer cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 145572-44-7
  • MF: C15H22N2O
  • MW: 246.348
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 425.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 194.0±21.1 °C

ODQ

ODQ is a potent and selective soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC, nitric oxide-activated enzyme) inhibitor. ODQ enhances the pro-apoptotic effects of Cisplatin in human mesothelioma cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 41443-28-1
  • MF: C9H5N3O2
  • MW: 187.155
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 321.3±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 160-170 °C
  • Flash Point: 148.1±23.2 °C

Fasnall

Fasnall is a selective fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.71 μM. Fasnall induces apoptosis in HER2+ breast cancer cell lines. Fasnall shows potent anti-tumor activities[1].

  • CAS Number: 929978-58-5
  • MF: C19H22N4S
  • MW: 338.47
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Zeylenone

Zeylenone, isolated from ethanol extract of the leaves of Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. Zeylenone, a naturally occurring cyclohexene oxide, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cervical carcinoma cells via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways[1].

  • CAS Number: 193410-84-3
  • MF: C21H18O7
  • MW: 382.363
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 569.6±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 150-152℃
  • Flash Point: 201.4±23.6 °C

UCM-1336

UCM-1336 is a potent ICMT inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 μM. UCM-1336 induces mislocalization of endogenous Ras, decreases Ras activation and induces cell death by autophagy and apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 1621535-90-7
  • MF: C26H37N3O2
  • MW: 423.59
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Neochlorogenic acid

Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.

  • CAS Number: 906-33-2
  • MF: C16H18O9
  • MW: 354.309
  • Catalog: TNF Receptor
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 665.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 245.5±25.0 °C

3-(Methylselanyl)-L-alanine hydrochloride (1:1)

Se-Methylselenocysteine hydrochloride, a precursor of Methylselenol, has potent cancer chemopreventive activity and anti-oxidant activity. Se-Methylselenocysteine hydrochloride is orally bioavailable, and induces apoptosis[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 863394-07-4
  • MF: C4H10ClNO2Se
  • MW: 218.54
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Trifluridine-13C,15N2

Trifluridine-13C,15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled Trifluridine[1]. Trifluridine (Trifluorothymidine;5-Trifluorothymidine;TFT) is an irreversible thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and thereby suppresses DNA synthesis. Trifluridine is an antiviral drug for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Trifluorothymidine also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity[2].

  • CAS Number: 2086328-10-9
  • MF: C913CH11F315N2O5
  • MW: 299.18
  • Catalog: HSV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Brazilein

Brazilein is an important immunosuppressive component isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L. Brazilein induces apoptosis in mice spleen lymphocytes[1].

  • CAS Number: 600-76-0
  • MF: C16H12O5
  • MW: 284.26300
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.65g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 683.8ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 264.9ºC

Tanshinone IIB

Tanshinone IIB is a major active constituent of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) widely used for the research of stroke and coronary heart disease in Asian countries. Tanshinone IIB has a neuroprotective effect via inhibition of apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 17397-93-2
  • MF: C19H18O4
  • MW: 310.344
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 536.9±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 278.5±30.1 °C

Bendamustine

Bendamustine (SDX-105 free base), a purine analogue, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Bendamustine activates DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties[1].

  • CAS Number: 16506-27-7
  • MF: C16H21Cl2N3O2
  • MW: 358.263
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 585.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 307.7±30.1 °C

3-hydroxy-DL-Kynurenine

3-Hydroxykynurenine, a metabolite of tryptophan, is a potential endogenous neurotoxin whose increased levels have been described in several neurodegenerative disorders. 3-Hydroxykynurenine induces neuronal apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 484-78-6
  • MF: C10H12N2O4
  • MW: 224.21300
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.461g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 519.3ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 267.9ºC

FLUNISOLIDE

Flunisolide hemihydrate is a corticosteroid, which is an orally active glucocorticoid receptor activator with anti-inflammatory activity. Flunisolide hemihydrate can induce eosinophil apoptosis, and is used for the research of asthma or rhinitis, and inflammation[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 77326-96-6
  • MF: C48H64F2O13
  • MW: 887.01100
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.33 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 581.8ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 305.7ºC

Olanzapine

Olanzapine(LY170053) is a high affinity for 5-HT2 serotonin and D2 dopamine receptor antagonist.IC50 Value:Target: 5-HT ReceptorOlanzapine is a thienobenzodiazepine that blocks especially the serontonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) 5-HT2A and the dopamine D2 receptors (Ki values are 4 and 11 nM respectively) as well as muscarinic (M1), histamine (H1), 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 to 5-HT6, adrenergic (α(l)), and D4 receptors. Atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Olanzapine displays anticholinergic properties.

  • CAS Number: 132539-06-1
  • MF: C17H20N4S
  • MW: 312.432
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 476.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 195°C
  • Flash Point: 241.7±31.5 °C

β-Apopicropodophyllin

β-Apopicropodophyllin is a nature product that could be isolated from Hyptis wticillata.β-Apopicropodophyllin induces apoptosis by inducing microtubule disruption, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and ER stress. β-Apopicropodophyllin can be used in research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 477-52-1
  • MF: C22H20O7
  • MW: 396.39000
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

10-Formyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid

10-Formyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid is a thymidylate synthase inhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 61038-31-1
  • MF: C22H21N5O7
  • MW: 467.43100
  • Catalog: Thymidylate Synthase
  • Density: 1.54g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

3-Hydroxybakuchiol

3-Hydroxybakuchiol can be isolated from Otholobium mexicanum J. W. Grimes. 3-Hydroxybakuchiol is an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor. 3-Hydroxybakuchiol has antitumor activity, and induces tumor cell apoptosis. 3-Hydroxybakuchiol also has moderate inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50: 345 μM)[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 178765-54-3
  • MF: C18H24O2
  • MW: 272.382
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 437.6±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 200.4±23.3 °C

TMCB

CK2/ERK8-IN-1 is a dual casein kinase 2 (CK2) (Ki of 0.25 µM) and ERK8 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.50 μM. CK2/ERK8-IN-1 also binds to PIM1, HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), and DYRK1A with Kis of 8.65 µM, 15.25 µM, and 11.9 µM, respectively. CK2/ERK8-IN-1 has pro-apoptotic efficacy[1].

  • CAS Number: 1085822-09-8
  • MF: C11H9Br4N3O2
  • MW: 534.82
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Isosilybin A

Isosilybin A, a flavonolignan isolated from silymarin, has anti-prostate cancer (PCA) activity. Isosilybin A inhibits proliferation and induces G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells, which activates apoptotic machinery in PCA cells via targeting Akt-NF-κB-androgen receptor (AR) axis[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 142796-21-2
  • MF: C25H22O10
  • MW: 482.43600
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.527±0.06 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 793.0±60.0 °C(Predicted)
  • Melting Point: 201-203 ºC (methanol water )
  • Flash Point: N/A

NCX-4016

Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) is a nitric oxide (NO) donor and a nitro-derivative of Aspirin, which combines with Nitroaspirin to inhibit cyclooxygenase. Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) has antithrombotic and anti-platelet properties and acts as a direct and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1. Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) causes significant induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells via down-regulation of EGFR/PI3K/STAT3 signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 175033-36-0
  • MF: C16H13NO7
  • MW: 331.27700
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.347g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 499.3ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 61-62ºC
  • Flash Point: 214.3ºC

Taraxeryl acetate

Taraxerol acetate is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 116.3 μM and 94.7 μM, respectively. Taraxerol acetate the has the anticancer potential and induces cell apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 2189-80-2
  • MF: C32H52O2
  • MW: 468.754
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 505.1±49.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 303-305ºC
  • Flash Point: 256.2±17.4 °C

Etoposide 4'-Phosphate

Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester prodrug of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 117091-64-2
  • MF: C29H33O16P
  • MW: 666.522
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.55 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 907.7±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 502.7±37.1 °C