Cell apoptosis, sometimes called programmed cell death, is a cellular self-destruction method to remove old and damaged cells during development and aging to protect cells from external disturbances and maintain homeostasis. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when cells are damaged by disease or noxious agents.

Apoptosis is controlled by many genes and involves two fundamental pathways: the extrinsic pathway, which transmits death signals by the death receptor (DR), and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by the binding of the death ligand to DRs, including FasL, TNF-α, and TRAIL, on the plasma membrane. The DR, adaptor protein (FADD), and associated apoptosis signaling molecule (caspase-8) form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), thus leading to the activation of the effector caspase cascade (caspase-3, -6, and -7). The mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, including proapoptotic (Bid, Bax, Bak) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL).

Abnormalities in cell apoptosis can be a significant component of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, AIDS, ischemia, and neurode-generative diseases. These diseases may benefit from artificially inhibiting or activating apoptosis. A short list of potential methods of anti-apoptotic therapy includes stimulation of the IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) family of proteins, caspase inhibition, PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibition, stimulation of the PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, and inhibition of Bcl-2 proteins.

Ferroptosis and necroptosis are recently recognized forms of regulated cell death that differs considerably from apoptosis. Misregulated ferroptosis or necroptosis have also been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cancer cell death, neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.

References:
[1] Susan Elmore. Toxicol Pathol. 2007; 35(4): 495–516.
[2] Cao L, et al. J Cell Death. 2016 Dec 29;9:19-29.
[3] Dasgupta A, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan; 18(1): 23.
[4] Xie Y, et al. Cell Death Differ. 2016 Mar;23(3):369-79.


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Anticancer agent 71

Anticancer agent 71 (Compound 4b) is a potent anticancer agent and induces apoptosis. Anticancer agent 71 arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase and induces apoptosis through upregulating Bax, Ikb-α and cleaved PARP and downregulating Bcl-2 expression levels. Anticancer agent 71 shows antiproliferative activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2453228-45-8
  • MF: C18H13ClF3N5O
  • MW: 407.78
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

AG6033

AG6033 is a potential novel CRBN modulator. AG6033 suppresses various tumor cells by modulating the interactions between CRBN and various antitumor target proteins. AG6033 can cause GSPT1 and IKZF1 degradation. AG6033 induces CRBN-dependent cytotoxic effect[1].

  • CAS Number: 329706-62-9
  • MF: C30H23N5O4
  • MW: 517.53
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

12-HETE

12-HETE, a major metabolic product of arachidonic acid using 12-LOX catalysis, inhibits cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. 12-HETE promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB through the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway[1].12-HETE has both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects[2]. 12-HETE is a neuromodulator[3].

  • CAS Number: 71030-37-0
  • MF: C20H32O3
  • MW: 320.466
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 487.7±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 262.8±25.2 °C

Lacutoclax

Lacutoclax is a Bcl-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2291166-56-6
  • MF: C48H55ClN8O7S
  • MW: 923.52
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ajoene

Ajoene, a garlic-derived compound, is an antithrombotic and antifungal agent. Ajoene inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human leukaemia CD34-negative cells including HL-60, U937, HEL and OCIM-I. Anticancer activities[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 92285-01-3
  • MF: C9H14OS3
  • MW: 234.40200
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.181g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 376ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 181.2ºC

7,8-Dihydroneopterin

7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 1218-98-0
  • MF: C9H13N5O4
  • MW: 255.23100
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 2.03g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 614.6ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 325.5ºC

(Rac)-Hesperetin

(Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin. Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation.

  • CAS Number: 69097-99-0
  • MF: C16H14O6
  • MW: 302.27900
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 227 - 232 °C
  • Flash Point: N/A

PARP1-IN-14

PARP1-IN-14 (compound 19k) is a potent PARP1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.6 ± 0.1 nM. PARP1-IN-14 exhibits antiproliferative effect against both MDA-MB-436 (BRCA1−/−) and Capan-1 (BRCA2−/−) cells with IC50 values below 0.3 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 2098639-70-2
  • MF: C28H24FN7O3
  • MW: 525.53
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

FR-900359

FR900359 is a depsipeptide selective inhibitor of Gαq/11/14 in mammalia, can inhibits ERK pathway. FR900359 suppresses the proliferation of melanoma cells and decreases of blood pressure. FR900359 also protected against airway hyperreactivity in murine models of allergen sensitization in Ovalbumins(HY-W250978)–induced sensitization model of asthma. FR900359 can be used for cancer and cardiovascular disease research[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 107530-18-7
  • MF: C49H75N7O15
  • MW: 1002.16
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

butyrin

Tributyrin (Glyceryl tributyrate), a neutral short-chain fatty acid triglyceride, is a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of Butyric Acid. Tributyrin diffuses through biological membranes and is metabolized by intracellular lipases, releasing effective butyrate directly into the cell in vivo. Tributyrin has potent antiproliferative, proapoptotic and differentiation-inducing effects[1].

  • CAS Number: 60-01-5
  • MF: C15H26O6
  • MW: 302.363
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 307.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: -75 °C
  • Flash Point: 173.9±0.0 °C

2-Methoxyestradiol

2-Methoxyestradiol is an angiogenesis inhibitor and apoptosis inducer with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules.

  • CAS Number: 362-07-2
  • MF: C19H26O3
  • MW: 302.408
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 464.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 188-190°C
  • Flash Point: 234.7±28.7 °C

Senkyunolide I

Senkyunolide I, isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, is an anti-migraine compound. Senkyunolide I protects rat brain against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by up-regulating p-Erk1/2, Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting caspase 3[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 94596-28-8
  • MF: C12H16O4
  • MW: 224.253
  • Catalog: Caspase
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 444.8±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 175.1±22.2 °C

Soyasapogenol A

Soyasapogenol A, a triterpene compound, isolated from the roots of Abrus cantoniensis. Soyasapogenol A directly prevents apoptosis of hepatocytes, and secondly, inhibits the elevation of plasma TNF-α, which consequently results in the prevention of liver damage in the Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis model[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 508-01-0
  • MF: C30H50O4
  • MW: 474.71600
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 308-312 °C
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tubulin polymerization-IN-28

Tubulin polymerization-IN-28 (compound-4) is a microtubule protein polymerization inhibitor with highly selective anticancer activity. Tubulin polymerization-IN-28 can be activated by NQO1 and effectively release combretastatin A-4 to kill tumor cells. Tubulin polymerization-IN-28 can induce cell apoptosis and be used in anti-cancer research[1].

  • CAS Number: 2481404-89-9
  • MF: C37H46N2O9
  • MW: 662.77
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Germanicol

Germanicol is a selective antineoplastic agent against human colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 and HT29 . Germanicol induces apoptosis via chromatin condensation and DNA damage[1].

  • CAS Number: 465-02-1
  • MF: C30H50O
  • MW: 426.71700
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Bouvardin,5-(N-methyl-L-tyrosine)- (9CI)

RA-V is a cyclic hexapeptide. RA-V has activity against Wnt, Myc and Notch with IC50 values of 50, 75, and 93 ng/mL, respectively. RA-V can be used for the research of cancer-related signaling pathways.

  • CAS Number: 64725-24-2
  • MF: C40H48N6O9
  • MW: 756.84400
  • Catalog: c-Myc
  • Density: 1.189g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 1083.3ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 609ºC

PAO-Nap

PAO-Nap is the modified PAO attached a naphthalimide fluorophore using aminocaproic acid as a linker. PAO induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 cells by selectively targeting thioredoxin reductase[1].

  • CAS Number: 1613402-20-2
  • MF: C24H24AsN3O5
  • MW: 509.39
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

R306465

JNJ-16241199 is an orally active, selective hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, with the IC50 of 3.3 nM and 23 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC8, respectively. JNJ-16241199 induces histone 3 acetylation and strongly increases the expression of p21waf1, cip1 in A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells. JNJ-16241199 induces cell apoptosis and shows anticancer activity in a broad spectrum of human malignancies. JNJ-16241199 can be used for cancer study[1].

  • CAS Number: 604769-01-9
  • MF: C19H19N5O4S
  • MW: 413.45
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Flavokawain A

Flavokawain A, a chalcone extracted from Kava, has anticarcinogenic effect. Flavokawain A induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice[1].

  • CAS Number: 37951-13-6
  • MF: C18H18O5
  • MW: 314.332
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 529.9±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 114℃
  • Flash Point: 193.2±23.6 °C

FLT3-IN-14

FLT3-IN-14 is a potent FLT3 inhibitor with IC50s of 5.6 nM and 1.4 nM for FLT3-WT and FLT3-ITD. FLT3-IN-14 reduces the phosphorylation of FLT3 (Y591), induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis. FLT3-IN-14 significantly reduces the tumor growth in an MV4-11 xenograft mouse model[1].

  • CAS Number: 2620551-45-1
  • MF: C25H24N6O2S
  • MW: 472.56
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Gomisin N

Gomisin N, isolated from Schisandra chinensis, produces beneficial sedative and hypnotic bioactivity. Gomisin N has the potential for use in the treatment of allergy. Gomisin N is an anti-cancer drug candidate capable of inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis in cancer[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 69176-52-9
  • MF: C23H28O6
  • MW: 400.465
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.148±0.06 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 545.0±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 104-108 ºC
  • Flash Point: 220.4±30.0 °C

sanguinarium chloride

Sanguinarine chloride, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.

  • CAS Number: 5578-73-4
  • MF: C20H14ClNO4
  • MW: 367.783
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 287-289 ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone

2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (compound 1) is a natural compound isolated from a water extract of Hedyotis diffusa WILLD. 2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone shows inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine kinases v-src and pp60src, and induces growth arrest and apoptosis in the HepG2 cancer cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 17241-40-6
  • MF: C15H10O3
  • MW: 238.238
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 439.7±34.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 233.8±22.2 °C

M47

M47 is a small molecule that selectively destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and increases degradation of the CRY1 in the nucleus. M47 enhances apoptosis in Ras-transformed P53-deficient mouse skin fibroblast lines and enhances life span in p53 knockout mice. M47 can be used in research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 890808-56-7
  • MF: C28H22ClNO4
  • MW: 471.93
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Irbesartan hydrochloride

Irbesartan (SR-47436) hydrochloride is an orally active Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB). Irbesartan hydrochloride can relax the blood vessels, low blood pressure and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. Irbesartan hydrochloride can be used for the research of high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease[1].

  • CAS Number: 329055-23-4
  • MF: C25H29ClN6O
  • MW: 464.99000
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

UBX1325

UBX1325 is an Bcl-xL inhibitor that promotes apoptosis in senescent cells. UBX1325 is a potent anti-aging agent that can be used in studies of age-related eye diseases such as diabetic macular oedema (DME), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2271269-01-1
  • MF: C53H59ClF3N6O10PS3
  • MW: 1159.69
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

L-Glutamic acid-13C5,d5,15N

L-Glutamic acid-13C5,d5,15N is the deuterium, 13C-, and 15-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

  • CAS Number: 1420815-74-2
  • MF: 13C5H4D515NO4
  • MW: 158.12
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BAM7

BAM7 is a direct and selective activator of proapoptotic BAX with an IC50 of 3.3 μM.

  • CAS Number: 331244-89-4
  • MF: C21H19N5O2S
  • MW: 405.473
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 567.3±52.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 296.9±30.7 °C

Fusicoccin-A

Fusicoccin (Fusicoccin A), a fungal pytotoxin, is a stabilizer of specific 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions. Fusicoccin sabilizes H+-ATPase/14-3-3 cmplex in pants, maintaining the enzyme in activated state. Fusicoccin also stabilizes 14-3-3 protein interactions with binding partners containing a C-terminal 14-3-3 recognition motif (a mode 3 motif), such as ERα, GPIbα, TASK3, CTFR, and p53. Fusicoccin induces apoptosis in cancer cells and has anticancer activity[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 20108-30-9
  • MF: C36H56O12
  • MW: 680.823
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 760.2±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 227.0±26.4 °C

Z-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone

Z-YVAD-CMK is a caspase-1 and caspase-3 inhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 402474-85-5
  • MF: C30H37ClN4O9
  • MW: 633.09
  • Catalog: Caspase
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 844.4±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 464.5±37.1 °C