Cell apoptosis, sometimes called programmed cell death, is a cellular self-destruction method to remove old and damaged cells during development and aging to protect cells from external disturbances and maintain homeostasis. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when cells are damaged by disease or noxious agents.

Apoptosis is controlled by many genes and involves two fundamental pathways: the extrinsic pathway, which transmits death signals by the death receptor (DR), and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by the binding of the death ligand to DRs, including FasL, TNF-α, and TRAIL, on the plasma membrane. The DR, adaptor protein (FADD), and associated apoptosis signaling molecule (caspase-8) form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), thus leading to the activation of the effector caspase cascade (caspase-3, -6, and -7). The mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, including proapoptotic (Bid, Bax, Bak) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL).

Abnormalities in cell apoptosis can be a significant component of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, AIDS, ischemia, and neurode-generative diseases. These diseases may benefit from artificially inhibiting or activating apoptosis. A short list of potential methods of anti-apoptotic therapy includes stimulation of the IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) family of proteins, caspase inhibition, PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibition, stimulation of the PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, and inhibition of Bcl-2 proteins.

Ferroptosis and necroptosis are recently recognized forms of regulated cell death that differs considerably from apoptosis. Misregulated ferroptosis or necroptosis have also been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cancer cell death, neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.

References:
[1] Susan Elmore. Toxicol Pathol. 2007; 35(4): 495–516.
[2] Cao L, et al. J Cell Death. 2016 Dec 29;9:19-29.
[3] Dasgupta A, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan; 18(1): 23.
[4] Xie Y, et al. Cell Death Differ. 2016 Mar;23(3):369-79.


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Cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine is a potent and orally active 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, with antidepressant and antiserotonergic effects. Cyproheptadine has antiplatelet and thromboprotective activities. Cyproheptadine can be used for the research of thromboembolic disorders[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 129-03-3
  • MF: C21H22ClN
  • MW: 323.85900
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.115g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 440.1ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 298 °C (dec.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 194.5ºC

Dasatinib D8

Dasatinib D8 is a deuterium labeled Dasatinib. Dasatinib is a dual Bcr-Abl and Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

  • CAS Number: 1132093-70-9
  • MF: C22H18D8ClN7O2S
  • MW: 496.05500
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Adenosine-d2

Adenosine-d2 is the deuterium labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physio

  • CAS Number: 82741-17-1
  • MF: C10H11D2N5O4
  • MW: 269.25
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

CCT128930 hydrochloride

CCT128930 hydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of AKT (IC50=6 nM). CCT128930 hydrochloride has 28-fold selectivity over the closely related PKA kinase (IC50=168 nM) through the targeting of Met282 of AKT (Met173 of PKA-AKT chimera), as well as 20-fold selectivity over p70S6K (IC50=120 nM). CCT128930 hydrochloride induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and autophagy. Antitumor activity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2453324-32-6
  • MF: C18H21Cl2N5
  • MW: 378.30
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Nec-4

Nec-4, a tricyclic derivative, is a potent receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2.6 μM, Ki of 0.46 μM.

  • CAS Number: 1041644-43-2
  • MF: C15H13ClFN3O
  • MW: 305.73
  • Catalog: RIP kinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Imidazole ketone erastin(IKE)

Imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) s a potent, selective, and metabolically stable inhibitor of the cystine-glutamate antiporter, system Xc- and an activator of ferroptosis.

  • CAS Number: 1801530-11-9
  • MF: C35H35ClN6O5
  • MW: 655.14
  • Catalog: Ferroptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DMU-212

DMU-212 is a methylated derivative of Resveratrol (HY-16561), with antimitotic, anti-proliferative, antioxidant and apoptosis promoting activities. DMU-212 induces mitotic arrest via induction of apoptosis and activation of ERK1/2 protein. DMU-212 has oral bioavailability[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 134029-62-2
  • MF: C18H20O4
  • MW: 300.349
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 444.0±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 144.1±34.2 °C

SJ 172550

SJ-172550 is a small molecule inhibitor of MDMX; competes for the wild type p53 peptide binding to MDMX with an EC50 of 5 μM.

  • CAS Number: 431979-47-4
  • MF: C22H21ClN2O5
  • MW: 428.87
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 560.8±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 293.0±32.9 °C

CCT241161

CCT241161 is an orally active pan-RAF inhibitor with IC50s of 3, 6, 10, 15 and 30 nM for LCK, CRAF, SRC, V600E-BRAF and BRAF, respectively. CCT241161 shows good activity to in BRAF and NRAS mutant melanomas. CCT241161 also exhibits anticancer cell proliferative activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 1163719-91-2
  • MF: C28H27N7O3S
  • MW: 541.624
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

STACHYOSE TETRAHYDRATE

Stachyose is a prebiotic, a non-reducing tetrasaccharide in the rafnose family of oligosaccharides with few side efects.

  • CAS Number: 10094-58-3
  • MF: C24H50O25
  • MW: 738.639
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 1044.2ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 95-105 °C
  • Flash Point: 585.3ºC

phenformin

Phenformin (1-phenethylbiguanide) is an orally active antidiabetic and anticancer agent. Phenformin has an incidence of associated lactic acidosis. Phenformin acts through acting AMPK activation and blocking mTOR pathway. Phenformin is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and an OXPHOS inhibitor. Phenformin induces cancer cell apoptosis[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 114-86-3
  • MF: C10H15N5
  • MW: 205.260
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 332.2±35.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 280-282°C
  • Flash Point: 154.7±25.9 °C

Hydroxy-PP-Me is a potent and specific CBR1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 759 nM. Hydroxy-PP-Me inhibits serum-withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Hydroxy-PP-Me increases As2O3-induced apoptotic cell death compared with As2O3 alone[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 833481-77-9
  • MF: C16H18N4O
  • MW: 282.34
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

T-2 TOXIN

T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is a toxic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species in feedstuffs and cereal grains, LD50 values of T-2 Toxin in mice and rats are 5.2 and 1.5 mg/kg BWa,respectively [1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) can be transformed into a variety of metabolite, the typical metabolites of T-2 toxin in animals are HT-2 toxin and T-2-triol, which are hydrolysates[1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is an inhibitor of protein synthesis resulting from binding peptidyltransferase, which is an integral part of the 60s ribosomal subunit. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, interferes with the metabolism of membrane phospholipids, and increases the level of liver lipid peroxides[1]. T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) induces apoptosis in the immune system, gastrointestinal tissues, and fetal tissues[2].

  • CAS Number: 21259-20-1
  • MF: C24H36O9
  • MW: 466.521
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 544.9±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 151.5℃
  • Flash Point: 177.0±23.6 °C

MBM-17

MBM-17 (compound 42c) is a potent NIMA-related kinase 2 (Nek2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM. It effectively inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. MBM-55 shows antitumor activities, and no obvious toxicity to mice[1].

  • CAS Number: 2083621-90-1
  • MF: C28H28N6O2
  • MW: 480.56
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Hirsutine

Hirsutine, an indole alkaloid of Uncaria rhynchophylla, exhibits anti-cancer activity. Hirsutine induces apoptosis and is a potent Dengue virus inhibitor exhibiting low cytotoxicity[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 7729-23-9
  • MF: C22H28N2O3
  • MW: 368.469
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 531.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 101℃
  • Flash Point: 275.4±30.1 °C

Erastin2

Erastin2 is a ferroptosis inducer and a potent, selective inhibitor of the system xc(-) cystine/glutamate transporter[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1695533-44-8
  • MF: C36H35ClN4O4
  • MW: 623.141
  • Catalog: Ferroptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 807.0±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 441.8±37.1 °C

Isosilybin B

Isosilybin B, a flavonolignan isolated from silymarin, has anti-prostate cancer (PCA) activity via inhibiting proliferation and inducing G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Isosilybin B causes androgen receptor (AR) degradation[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 142796-22-3
  • MF: C25H22O10
  • MW: 482.43600
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.527±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • Boiling Point: 793.0±60.0 °C(Predicted)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B

2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B (GHSC-74) is a cardiac glycoside that can be isolated from the seeds of Cerbera manghas L. 2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B inhibits cell viability, induces apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2 cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 82145-55-9
  • MF: C44H68O19
  • MW: 901.00
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Rohinitib

Rohinitib is a potent and specific inhibitor of eIF4A1, inhibits growth and survival of AML cells especially cells with FLT3-ITD.

  • CAS Number: 1139253-73-8
  • MF: C29H31NO8
  • MW: 521.56
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

KX2-361

KX2-361 (KX-02) is a Src-kinase and tubulin polymerization inhibitor. KX2-361 shows good oral bioavailability and readily crosses the BBB in mice. KX2-361 shows anti-tumor activity and induces apoptosis of Glioblastoma (GBM) cell[1].

  • CAS Number: 897016-26-1
  • MF: C24H24FN3O2
  • MW: 405.46
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 660.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 353.0±31.5 °C

Antitumor agent-100 hydrochloride

Antitumor agent-100 hydrochloride (compound A6), an apoptosis inducer and molecular glue, shows superior anti-tumor activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2841750-53-4
  • MF: C17H15Cl2N3O
  • MW: 348.23
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MX69

MX69 is an inhibitor of MDM2/XIAP, used for cancer treatment.

  • CAS Number: 1005264-47-0
  • MF: C27H26N2O4S
  • MW: 474.5794
  • Catalog: IAP
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PI-273

PI-273 is a first reversibly and specific phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KIIα) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.47 μM. PI-273 can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, block the cell cycle and induce cell apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 925069-34-7
  • MF: C16H16ClN3O2S2
  • MW: 381.90
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

STAT3-SH2 domain inhibitor 1

STAT3-SH2 domain inhibitor 1 is a potent Src Homology 2 (SH2) Domain of STAT3 (STAT3-SH2 domain) inhibitor with a Kd value of 1.57 μM. STAT3-SH2 domain inhibitor 1 inhibits STAT3 signaling transduction and transcriptional activation. STAT3-SH2 domain inhibitor 1 induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. STAT3-SH2 domain inhibitor 1 can be used in research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 2816059-41-1
  • MF: C28H28BF5N2O5S
  • MW: 610.40
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

D-Glucitol-2-d

D-Mannitol-d1 is the deuterium labeled D-Mannitol.

  • CAS Number: 75607-68-0
  • MF: C6H13DO6
  • MW: 183.17800
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Angiogenesis inhibitor 3

Angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (compound 8) is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. Angiogenesis inhibitor 3 inhibits the proliferation of HUVEC and HCT-15 cells, with IC50 values of 1.00 and 0.71 μM. Angiogenesis inhibitor 3 induces the apoptosis of HUVEC and HCT-15 cells. Angiogenesis inhibitor 3 shows anticancer activity, and suppresses the invasion of cancer cells. Angiogenesis inhibitor 3 inhibits the angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos[1].

  • CAS Number: 2507759-39-7
  • MF: C44H42BrN3O9
  • MW: 836.72
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(24E)-3,7-Dioxolanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid

Ganoderic acid DM, a natural triterpenoid isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, induces DNA damage, G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Ganoderic acid DM as a specific inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 173075-45-1
  • MF: C30H44O4
  • MW: 468.668
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 602.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 332.0±28.0 °C

Vildagliptin-d7

Vildagliptin-d7 is deuterium labeled Vildagliptin. Vildagliptin (LAF237) is a potent, stable, selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.5 nM in human Caco-2 cells. Vildagliptin possesses excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 1133208-42-0
  • MF: C17H18D7N3O2
  • MW: 310.44
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 531.3±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 275.1±30.1 °C

B-Raf IN 9

B-Raf IN 9 (compound 8b) is a potent B-Raf inhibitor, with an IC50 of 24.79 nM. B-Raf IN 9 induces apoptosis and shows cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. B-Raf IN 9 exhibits potent antitumor activity against human prostate cancer PC-3 cell line, with an IC50 of 7.83 µM[1].

  • CAS Number: 2477725-18-9
  • MF: C23H20N4OS
  • MW: 400.50
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tenovin-1

Tenovin-1 is an inhibitor of sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 2, an activator of p53 and may have potential in the management of cancer.

  • CAS Number: 380315-80-0
  • MF: C20H23N3O2S
  • MW: 369.480
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: 1.238±0.06 g/cm3 (20 ºC 760 Torr)
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A