F-15599 is a highly selective G-protein biased 5-HT1A receptor agonist, with Ki of 3.4 nM.
Amyloid β-Peptide (1-42) human is a 42-amino acid peptide which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
Zimelidine is a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin 5-HT uptake and SERT. Zimelidine is an antidepressant[1][2][3][4].
17β-Estradiol sulfate (sodium), also known as β-Estradiol 3-sulfate sodium salt, is a neuroactive steroid[1][2].
Agomelatine hydrochloride is a antidepressant, which is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor (NDDI) due to its antagonism of the 5-HT2C receptor. IC50 value: 6.2 (pKi, 5-HT2c); 6.6 (pKi, 5-HT2b)Target: 5-HT 2c receptor Agomelatine hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug. It is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor (NDDI) due to its antagonism of the 5-HT2C receptor. Activation of 5-HT2C receptors by serotonin inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine release. Antagonism of 5-HT2C results in an enhancement of DA and NE release and activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways [1]. A total of 42 rats were divided into 7 groups as each composed of 6 rats: (1) intact, (2) 40 mg/kg agomelatine, (3) 140 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC), (4) 2 g/kg paracetamol, (5) 2 g/kg paracetamol + 140 mg/kg NAC, (6) 2 g/kg paracetamol + 20 mg/kgagomelatine, and (7) 2 g/kg paracetamol + 40 mg/kg agomelatine groups. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity was applied and liver and blood samples were analyzed histopathologically and biochemically. There were statistically significant increases in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 8-iso-prostane, and decreases in the activity of superoxide dismutase and level of glutathione in the group treated with paracetamol. Administration of agomelatine and NAC separately reversed these changes significantly [2].Clinical indications: Depression; Obsessive compulsive disorderFDA Approved Date: October 2011Toxicity: Hyperhidrosis; Abdominal pain; Nausea; Vomiting; Diarrhoea; Constipation; Back pain; Fatigue
Carbamazepine, a sodium channel blocker, is an anticonvulsant drug.Target: Sodium channelCarbamazepine inhibits the binding of [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-α-benzoate (BTX-B) to a receptor site of voltage-sensitive sodium channel with IC50 of 131 μM, to decrease the activation of sodium channel ion flux in rat brain synaptosomes. Carbamazepine does not alter basal 125I-labeled scorpion toxin binding to synaptosomes in the absence of batrachotoxin, but when batrachotoxin (1.25 μM) added, Carbamazepine inhibits the batrachotoxin-dependent increase in scorpion toxin binding in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 of 260 μM mediated at the alkaloid toxin binding site, none of which affects [3H]saxitoxin binding [1]. Carbamazepine at 25 mg/kg significantly increases extracellular levels of striatal and hippocampal dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in a dose dependent manner, while Carbamazepine at 50 mg/kg significantly decreases total levels of striatal DA and DOPA as well as hippocampal HVA, but has no effect on total levels of striatal DOPAC and HVA nor on hippocampal DA, DOPA and DOPAC [2].
SB 258719 is a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with a pKi of 7.5.
Antazoline hydrochloride is a 1st generation antihistamine with also anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops.
Mianserin hydrochloride is a H1 receptor inverse agonist and is a psychoactive agent of the tetracyclic antidepressant.Target: H1 receptorMianserin is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and has antidepressant, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), hypnotic (sedating), antiemetic (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), orexigenic (appetite-stimulating), and antihistamine effects. It is not approved for use in the US, but its analogue, mirtazapine, is. Mianserin was the first antidepressant to reach the UK market that was less dangerous than the tricyclic antidepressants in overdose.Mianserin is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the H1, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors, and also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. As a high affinity H1 receptor inverse agonist, mianserin has strong antihistamine effects (sedation, weight gain, etc.). Contrarily, it has negligible affinity for the mACh receptors, and thus lacks any anticholinergic properties. It was recently found to be a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist. In addition, mianserin also appears to be a potent antagonist of the neuronal octopamine receptor. What implications this may have on mood are currently unknown, however octopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, appetite and insulin production and therefore may theoretically contribute to the overall side effect profile of mianserin.
U91356 is a dopamine receptor agonist.
Z-LEHD-FMK is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of caspase-9, protects against lethal reperfusion injury and attenuates apoptosis. Z-LEHD-FMK exhibits the neuroprotective effect in a rat model of spinal cord trauma[1][2][3].
P7C3 is a NAMPT activator. P7C3 can enhance learning and memory in aged rats. Protects newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus by mitigating cell death. In vitro: Administration of active P7C3 chemicals to cells treated with doxorubicin, which induces NAD depletion, led to a rebound in intracellular levels of NAD and concomitant protection from doxorubicin-mediated toxicity. In vivo: P7C3 is orally bioavailable, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and is non-toxic at doses several fold higher than the efficacious dose.An easily administered pro-neurogenic compound. The administration of P7C3 is 10mg/ kg( IP) in rats. Administration of P7C3 to normal mice, as well as npas3-/- mice, enhance survival of neurons subsequent to their birth in the SGZ.
Carbamic acid, N-[2,4-dimethyl-6-(4-morpholinyl)-3-pyridinyl]-, phenylmethyl ester is a new invention for treating, one or more disorders or conditions wherein the dopaminergic system is disrupted, such as one or more disorders or conditions independently selected from the group consisting of: schizophrenia and other psychotic states; mood disorders ADHD; aggression; movement disorders.
Riluzole hydrochloride is an anticonvulsant drug and belongs to the family of use-dependent Na+ channel blocker which can also inhibit GABA uptake with an IC50 of 43 μM.
SIRT5 inhibitor 2 (compound 49) is a potent SIRT5 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. SIRT5 inhibitor 2 has inhibitory activity against the SIRT5-dependent desuccinylation. SIRT5 inhibitor 2 can be used for researching cancer and neurodegenerative diseases[1].
Adoxosidic acid is a SERT enhancer can be extracted from N. jatamansi and can be used in antidepressant research[1].
Promazine (hydrochloride) is a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, belongs to the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics, used to treat schizophrenia.
Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM.
Arimoclomol citrate (BRX-220 citrate) is a co-inducer of heat shock proteins (HSP)[1]. Arimoclomol citrate protects motor neurons by enhancing Hsp expression, thus directly affecting protein aggregation and clearance of misfolded assemblies via the proteasome-ubiquitin system[2].
Olodanrigan (EMA401) sodium is a highly selective, orally active, peripherally restricted angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist. Olodanrigan sodium is under development as a neuropathic pain therapeutic agent. Olodanrigan sodium analgesic action appears to involve inhibition of augmented AngII/AT2R induced p38 and p42/p44 MAPK activation, and hence inhibition of DRG neuron hyperexcitability and sprouting of DRG neurons[1][2][3][4].
Vatinoxan hydrochloride (MK-467 hydrochloride;L-659066 hydrochloride) is a peripheral α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Cevimeline (Evoxac) is a parasympathomimetic and muscarinic agonist, with particular effect on M3 receptors; used in the treatment of dry mouth associated with sjogren's syndrome.IC50 value:Target: M3 receptor
BPDBA is a selective and noncompetitive betaine/GABA transporter (BGT-1) inhibitor with IC50s of 20 μM and 35 μM against human BGT-1 and mouse GAT2, respectively[1].
BChE-IN-20 (compound 7c) is a highly potent BChE-selective inhibitor and exhibits IC50s of 105 and 2.3 nM for eqBChE and hBChE, respectively. BChE-IN-20 inhibits P glycoprotein with IC50 of 0.27 μM. BChE-IN-20 is a promising template to improve design and development of BChE-selective ligands of pharmaceutical interest, including inhibitors and fluorogenic probes.
Tebideutorexant is a potent orexin receptor antagonist. Tebideutorexant can be used for insomnia research[1].
α-Pompilidotoxin (α-PMTX) is a neurotoxin that can be obtained from the venom of Anoplius safnariensis. α-Pompilidotoxin reversibly and dose-dependently enhances excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). α-Pompilidotoxin is a useful tool in the field of neuroscience research[1].
BAY 73-6691 racemate is a phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor extracted from patent WO 2017070293 A1.
Neurotoxin Inhibitor is a neurotoxin inhibitor.
Kinetin triphosphate(6-Fu-ATP; KTP) is an ATP analogue that regulates or enhances kinase function with higher catalytic efficiency than its endogenous substrate, ATP. Kinetin triphosphate can be used in Parkinson's disease research[1].
Umibecestat (CNP520) is a beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) inhibitor with IC50s of 11 nM and 10 nM for human BACE-1 and mouse BACE-1, respectively[1].