Anxiolytic/nonsedative agent-1 (compound 2b) is a potent and selective GABAA agonist. Anxiolytic/nonsedative agent-1 shows appreciable affinity for the BzR in bovine brain membranes with Kis of 14, 121, 239 nM for α1β2γ2, α2β2γ2, α5β3γ2, respectively. Anxiolytic/nonsedative agent-1 shows α2 selective efficacy in vitro and anxioselective effects in vivo[1].
Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline) methochloride is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methochloride induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methochloride can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Alogabat (example 8) is a GABAA α5 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) (extracted from patent WO2018104419A1)[1].
CP-409092 is a GABA(A) partial agonist, used for the treatment of anxiety.
(-)-Bicuculline methobromide (l-Bicuculline methobromide) is a potent GABAA receptor antagonist. (-)-Bicuculline methobromide blocks afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) mediated by Ca2+-activated K+ channels in various types of neurons[1].
FG8119 is a novel benzodiazepine agonist extracted from patent US 4745112 A.
3-Methylglutaconic acid is the major metabolites accumulating in 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria (MGTA). 3-Methylglutaconic acid can induce lipid oxidative damage and protein oxidative. 3-Methylglutaconic acid decreases the non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in cerebral cortex supernatants to elicit oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex. 3-Methylglutaconic acid can be used for brain damage disease research[1].
THIP (Gaboxadol) is a selective δ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (δ-GABAAR) agonist, functionally selective GABAAR ligand, exhibits agonism at α4β1δ, α4β3δ and weak antagonism at αβγ and α4β2δ GABAARs[1].
Cipepofol (HSK3486), a sedative-hypnotic agent, is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor potentiator[1].
TPA 023 is a GABAA α2/α3 subtype-selective agonist, with Ki of 0.19-0.41 nM.
DL-Pyroglutamic acid (CAE) as an inactivator of hepatitis B surface, inactivates vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, and influenza virus except poliovirus. DL-Pyroglutamic acid is also a possible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, increases GABA amount with antiepileptic action[1][2].
Withasomniferolide B is a withanolide. Withasomniferolide B can be isolated from a GABAA receptor positive activator methanol extract of the roots of Withania somnifera[1].
L-cycloserine irreversibly inhibit GABA pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent aminitransferase in E. coli, as well in the brains of various animals in a time-dependent manner, results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in vivo.
Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group, which acts through multiple targets.Target: OthersProcaine is a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action.Procaine (0.01-100 microM) inhibited the 5-HT3 receptor-mediated inward current in the whole-cell patch clamp recording. Procaine appears to produce a competitive inhibition on 5-HT3 receptors with a KD of 1.7 microM [1]. Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent that produces a 40% reduction in 5-methylcytosine DNA content as determined by high-performance capillary electrophoresis or total DNA enzyme digestion. Procaine can also demethylate densely hypermethylated CpG islands. Procaine also has growth-inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, causing mitotic arrest [2]. Procaine functions as an excitant of limbic system cells, and that procaine alters synaptic transmission in some, but not all, output pathways from the amygdale [3].
CGP52432 is a GABAB receptor antagonist, with an IC50 of 85 nM.
Bicuculline methiodide is a potent GABA(A) receptors blocker. Bicuculline methiodide alters membrane properties and firing pattern. Bicuculline methiodide reduces the Apamin-sensitive afterhyperpolarization, while Apamin is a toxin isolated from bee venom to block small conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels. Bicuculline methiodide facilitates burst firing via blocking apamin-sensitive Ca2+ -activated K+ current[1].
Cenobamate, a sodium channel blocker, enhances GABAergic transmission and has the potential to be a versatile CNS drug.
Remimazolam benzenesulfonate is a GABA agonist。Target: GABA ReceptorRemimazolam acts on GABA receptor, specifically GABA-alpha. Remimazolam is a new drug innovation in anesthesia. Remimazolam combines the properties of two unique drugs already established in anesthesia - Midazolam and remifentanil. Remimazolam acts on GABA receptors like midazolam and has organ-independent metabolism like remifentanil. Remimazolam is likely to be the sedative of the future, as preliminary phase II trials have shown minimal residual effects on prolonged infusions. Remimazolam has potential to be used as a sedative in ICU and as a novel agent for procedural sedation.
Riluzole is an anticonvulsant drug and belongs to the family of use-dependent Na+ channel blocker which can also inhibit GABA uptake with an IC50 of 43 μM.
Thiocolchicoside is a competitive γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor antagonist and glycine receptor agonist in the central nervous system. Thiocolchicoside is a semisynthetic sulfur derivative of colchicoside. Thiocolchicoside is a muscle relaxant and has anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties[1].
GABAA receptor agent 8 (compoud 5e) is a potent GABAA receptor positive modulator. GABAA receptor agent 8 shows anticonvulsant activity in vitro and in vivo with low neurotoxicity. GABAA receptor agent 8 has the potential for the research of epilepsy[1].
γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain[1][2], binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors)[2].
Etbicyphat (Trimethylopropane phosphate) is a potent GABA(A) receptors competitive antagonist. Etbicyphat induces epileptiform activities in hippocampal CA1 neurons, and binds to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptors[1].
Fengabine is a GABAergic antidepressant drug. Fengabine can be used for the research of depression[1].
Anisatin, a pure toxic substance isolated from the seeds of a Japanese plant (Illicium anisatum) acts as a picrotoxin-like, non-competitive GABA antagonist. Anisatin suppresses GABA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of ~1.10 μM[1].
Etomidate(R-16659) is a GABAA receptors agonist, which is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia.Target: GABA ReceptorEtomidate is a potent inhibitor of the adrenal response to surgery. The absence of clinical consequences associated with the blunted response suggests that a major increase in adrenal hormone production may not be necessary during surgery [1]. Etomidate is an intravenous induction agent that is associated with hemodynamic stability during intubation. The agent is therefore attractive for use in critically ill patients who have a high risk of hemodynamic instability during this procedure [2]. Etomidate use was not associated with all cause 28-day mortality or hospital mortality but was associated with significantly higher ICU mortality (91% vs. 64% for etomidate and controls groups, respectively; p = 0.02). Etomidate patients who received subsequent doses of hydrocortisone required lower doses of vasopressors and had more vasopressor-free days but no improvement in mortality [3].Clinical indications: FDA Approved Date: 1983Toxicity: Undesirable side effects of etomidate that may limit its use include pain on injection, myoclonus and adrenocortical suppression lasting 4-6 hours following an induction dose.
DS2 is a selective positive allosteric modulator of δ-GABAA receptor. DS2 selectively potentiates GABA responses mediated by α4β3δ receptor. DS2 does not enhance activity at α4β3γ2 and α1β3γ2 receptors. DS2 relieves pain and has the potential for sleep disorders research[1].
Radequinil (AC-3933) is a benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) partial inverse agonist. AC-3933 binds to GABA(-) and GABA(+) ligand with Kis of 5.15 and 6.11 nM, respectively[1].
Bicuculline methobromide is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methobromide induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methobromide can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Dimdazenil (EVT-201) is a GABAA receptor partial positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Dimdazenil can be used in the research of insomnia[1].