Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) sodium is a nucleoside diphosphate that activates adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K + channel. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium is a potential iron mobilizer, which prevents the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction and modulates the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/stat-3 pathway. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium can be used in the research of inflammation, such as anemia of inflammation (AI)[1][2].
DPO-1 is a potent inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel subtype Kv1.5 and a blocker of ultrarapid delayed rectifier potassium current. DPO-1 prevents atrial arrhythmia[1][2].
SK3 Channel-IN-1 (compound 7a) is a potent and specific SK3 channel modulator. SK3 Channel-IN-1 has efficient effect on breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cell migration while exhibiting low cytotoxicity in other cell lines. SK3 Channel-IN-1 can modulate ion channels’activity in cancer[1].
A2793 is an efficient TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)-1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 6.8 μM[1].
AZD-1305 is an antiarrhythmic agent and atrial selective sodium channel/potassium channel blocker, which can significantly prolongs action potential duration and reduces excitability, cause atrial selective ERP prolongation and acute termination of atrial fibrillation. AZD1305 can be used for atrial fibrillation research[1][2].
Nicorandil is potassium channel activator.Target: Potassium ChannelNicorandil is a vasodilatory drug used to treat angina. Nicorandil stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG) which phosphorylates and inhibits GTPase RhoA and decreases Rho-kinase activity. Reduced Rho-kinase activity permits an increase in myosin phosphatase activity, decreasing the calcium sensitivity of the smooth muscle. PKG also activates the sarcolemma calcium pump to remove activating calcium. PKG acts on K+ channels to promote K+ efflux and the ensuing hyperpolarization inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels. Overall, this leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle and coronary vasodilation [1, 2].
Brompheniramine ((±)-Brompheniramine) is a potent and orally active antihistamine of the alkylamine class. Brompheniramine is a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist with a Kd of 6.06 nM. Brompheniramine can block the hERG channels, calcium channels, and sodium channels with IC50s of 0.90 μM, 16.12 μM and 21.26 μM, respectively. Brompheniramine has anticholinergic, antidepressant and anesthetic properties and can be used for allergic rhinitis research[1][2][3][4].
MCHr1 antagonist 2 is an antagonist of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1, with an IC50 of 65 nM; MCHr1 antagonist 2 also inhibits hERG, with an IC50 of 4.0 nM in IMR-32 cells.
L-364,373 (R-L3) is a voltage-gated Kv7.1 (KCNQ1)/mink channels activator. L-364,373 activates Iks (slow delayed rectifier potassium current) and shortens action potential duration in guinea pig cardiac myocytes, and suppresses early afterdepolarizations in rabbit ventricular myocytes[1].
JNc-440 is a small molecule that significantly and specifically strengthens the TRPV4-KCa2.3 interaction in mouse endothelial cells, but does not systemically activate TRPV4 and KCa2.3; shows affinity for both TRPV4 and KCa2.3, enhances vasodilation and exerts antihypertensive effects in mice.
PNU 37883 hydrochloride (PNU 37883A) is a selective vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (Kir6, KATP) channels blocker. PNU 37883 hydrochloride has diuretic effects with specific binding in kidney and vascular smooth muscle rather than in brain or pancreatic beta cells[1][2].
Topiramate (McN 4853) lithium is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic agent. Topiramate lithium is a GluR5 receptor antagonist. Topiramate produces its antiepileptic effects through enhancement of GABAergic activity, inhibition of kainate/AMPA receptors, inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, increases in potassium conductance, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase[1][2][3].
TKIM is a TREK-1 channel inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.96 μM. TKIM binds to the pocket of the intermediate (IM) state of TREK-1[1].
LUF7244 is a selective allosteric modulator of Kv11.1 channels. LUF7244 inhibits early afterdepolarizations. LUF7244 can be used for anti-arrhythmia research[1].
PAP-1 is a selective inhibitor of Kv1.3, voltage-gated K+ channel. PAP-1 (EC50=2 nM) potently inhibits human T effector memory cell proliferation and delayed hypersensitivity. IC50 value: 2 nM (EC50) [1]in vitro: blocks Kv1.3 in a use-dependent manner, with a Hill coefficient of 2 and an EC50 of 2 nM, by preferentially binding to the C-type inactivated state of the channel. PAP-1 is 23-fold selective over Kv1.5, 33- to 125-fold selective over other Kv1-family channels, and 500- to 7500-fold selective over Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv3.2, Kv4.2, HERG, calcium-activated K+ channels, Na+,Ca2+, and Cl- channels [1]. The blockade of Kv1.3 results in membrane depolarization and inhibition of TEM proliferation and function. In this study, the in vitro effects of PAP-1 on T cells and the in vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetics (PK) were examined in rhesus macaques (RM) with the ultimate aim of utilizing PAP-1 to define the role of TEMs in RM infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Electrophysiologic studies on T cells in RM revealed a Kv1.3 expression pattern similar to that in human T cells. Thus, PAP-1 effectively suppressed TEM proliferation in RM [2].in vivo: PAP-1 does not exhibit cytotoxic or phototoxic effects, is negative in the Ames test, and affects cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes only at micromolar concentrations. PAP-1 potently inhibits the proliferation of human TEM cells and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity, a TEM cell-mediated reaction, in rats [1]. When administered intravenously, PAP-1 showed a half-life of 6.4 hrs; the volume of distribution suggested extensive distribution into extravascular compartments. When orally administered, PAP-1 was efficiently absorbed. Plasma concentrations in RM undergoing a 30-day, chronic dosing study indicated that PAP-1 levels suppressive to TEMs in vitro can be achieved and maintained in vivo at a non-toxic dose [2].
ICA-105574 is a potent and efficacious hERG channel activator. The primary mechanism by which ICA-105574 potentiates hERG channel activity is by removing hERG channel inactivation. ICA-105574 steeply potentiates current amplitudes more than 10-fold with an EC50 value of 0.5 +/- 0.1 μM and a Hill slope (n(H)) of 3.3 +/- 0.2[1].
β-Bag cell peptide is a neuroactive peptide. β-Bag cell peptide elevates cyclic AMP levels in the bag cell neurons. β-Bag cell peptide decreases the amplitudes of the voltage-dependent potassium currents[1].
Quinine sulfate hydrate (2:1:4) is an orally active alkaloid extracted from cinchona bark and can be used in anti-malarial studies. Quinine sulfate hydrate (2:1:4) is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100 mV with an IC50 of 169 μM[1][2].
Aprindine hydrochloride is a class I-b anti-arrhythmic agent and a hERG channel blocker with an IC50 of 0.23 μM[1]. Aprindine hydrochloride has inhibitory effects on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger currents, which is partly responsible for their antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects. Aprindine hydrochloride is widely used for trial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias treatment research[2].
HN37 as a potent and chemically stable antiepileptic drug candidate, with an EC50 of 37 nM for KCNQ2[1].
Nifekalant hydrochloride (MS-551), a class III antiarrhythmic agent, is a IKr potassium channel blocker with an IC50 of 10 µM. Nifekalant hydrochloride can be used for refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias research[1][2].
BMS-191011 (BMS-A) is an opener of the large-conductance, Ca2++-activated potassium (maxi-K) channel, effective in stroke models[1].
JNJ-26489112 (JNJ26489112) is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant that displays activity in rodents against audiogenic, electrically-induced, and chemically-induced seizures; exhibits very weak inhibition of human CA-II (IC50=35 μM); inhibits Na+, kainate, and KCNQ2 channels to varying degrees, while moderately potentiating GABA current and inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartic acid current, its action at several targets appears to be responsible for the observed neurostabilizing effects; shows limited seizure spread and elevated seizure threshold in preclinical animal models. Epilepsy Discontinued
LUF7346 is a novel hERG allosteric modulator that slows IKr deactivation and positively shifting IKr inactivation; rescues the genetic form of LQTS, reverses drug-induced LQTS and correct thes combination of genetic and drug-induced LQTS; normalises both action- and field potentials (AP and FP, respectively) in all hPSC-CMs by slowing IKr deactivation and positively shifting the IKr inactivation.
Dimethindene is a potent, selective histamine H1 antagonist. Dimethindene impairs cutaneous wound healing (WH). Dimethindene can block K+ currents[1][2].
VU0071063 is a potent and specific Kir6.2/SUR1 opener (EC50=7.44 μM) and can be used for investigating Kir6.2/SUR1 expressed in the pancreas and brain. VU0071063 inhibits insulin secretion by inducing hyperpolarization of β-cell membrane potential. VU0071063 chemotype has a very steep structure-activity relationships[1][2].
Atpenin A5 is a potent and highly specific complex II inhibitor (IC50 ~10 nM), and is an effective mKATP channel agonist and cardioprotective agent[1].
Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (N-desethylamiodarone hydrochloride) is a major active metabolite of Amiodarone. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride is formed by CYP3A isoenzymes. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM[1][2][3].
U-89232 appears to be a cardioselective KATP channel opener.
Nateglinide D5 is a deuterium labeled Nateglinide. Nateglinide, a D-phenylalanine derivative, is an orally active and short-acting insulinotropic agent and a DPP IV inhibitor. Nateglinide inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic β-cells. Nateglinide is used for the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus[1][2].