Paroxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative, is a potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Paroxetine is a very weak inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE) uptake but it is still more potent at this site than the other SSRIs[1].
Detomidine hydrochloride produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, is a nonnarcotic, synthetic α2-adrenergic agonistTarget: α2-adrenergic agonistDetomidine is an imidazole derivative and α2-adrenergic agonist, used as a large animal sedative, primarily used in horses. It is usually available as the salt detomidine hydrochloride. It is a prescription medication available to veterinarians sold under the trade name Dormosedan. Currently, detomidine is only licenced for use in horses.Detomidine is a sedative with analgesic properties. α2-adrenergic agonists produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediatated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors, thus inducing a negative feedback response, reducing production of excitatory neurotransmitters. Due to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, detomidine also has cardiac and respiratory effects and an antidiuretic action.
Butanserin (R 53393) is a potent and selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist for the study of cardiovascular disease[1].
Tertatolol is a potent antagonist of beta-adrenoceptor and 5-HT receptor, with unique renal vasodilatatory effects.
L755507 is a potent, selective agonist of β3-AR with an IC50 of 35 nM.
Amezinium metilsulfate has multiple mechanisms, including stimulation of alpha and beta-1 receptors and inhibition ofnoradrenaline and tyramine uptake. Target: alpha and beta-1 receptorsAmezinium metilsulfate is a sympathomimetic drug used for the treatment of low blood pressure. Cardiovascular effects of the new sympathomimetic Amezinium metilsulphate are investigated in 25 patients compared with a control group (n = 25). During spinal/epidural anaesthesia 5 mg amezinium is given i.v. if blood pressure dropped greater than 20 mmHg. from starting-point. A significant recovery of blood pressure (epidural anaesthesia: syst 21%, diast 9%; spinal anaesthesia: syst 13%, diast 6.6%) and a decrease in heart rate (6.8% resp. 4,5%) are thought due to peripheral vasoconstriction. Amezinium proves a stimulating drug for alpha- and beta 1-receptors by stabilising the systemic blood pressure in spinal/epidural anaesthesia.
Moxisylyte (hydrochloride) is (alpha 1-blocker) antagonist，it can vasodilates cerebral vessels without reducing blood pressure。It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. [1][2]
Clorprenaline is a potent agonist of β2-adrenergic. Clorprenaline promotes animal muscular mass growth and decreases fat accumulation. Clorprenaline is a potential new lean meat-boosting feed additive[1].
Rilmenidine phosphate, an antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine phosphate acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine phosphate induces autophagy. Rilmenidine phosphate is also an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine phosphate modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells[1][2][3].
Xylazine Hydrochloride is α2 class of adrenergic receptor agonist.Target: Adrenergic ReceptorXylazine is a drug that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non-human mammals. An analogue of clonidine, it is an agonist at the α2 class of adrenergic receptor. Xylazine has recently emerged as a recreational drug, especially in Puerto Rico [1]. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 10-ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) induced approximately 2.5 hours of local analgesia without apparent side effects. Higher doses of xylazine caused mild hind limb ataxia. Administration of lidocaine induced a similar duration of analgesia, with severe hind limb ataxia (100% incidence). We concluded that xylazine given by epidural injection results in safe, effective perineal analgesia in horses [2].
Isoetharine (Isoetarine) is an orally active selective agonist of β-adrenergic receptors. Isoetharine is a catechol-like drug and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) mediates its methylation. Isoetharine can promote the production of cAMP which stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscle cells and can be used as an emphysema, bronchitis and bronchodilator[1][2].
Neldazosin is a potent alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist[1].
Piperoxan hydrochloride is an α2 adrenoceptor antagonist.
Butaxamine (Butoxamin) is a potent, selective and orally active β2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Butaxamine shows antiosteoporotic activity[1].
Pargolol hydrochloride is a β adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Ecopipam (SCH 39166) hydrochloride is a potent, selective and orally active antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with Kis of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Ecopipam hydrochloride shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (Ki=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). Ecopipam hydrochloride can be used for the research of schizophrenia, cocaine addition, and obesity[1][3].
Betaxolol is a selective beta1 adrenergic receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma.Target: Beta1 Adrenergic ReceptorBetaxolol is a cardioselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. Betaxolol (5 mg/kg via i.p. injection) was administered at 24 and then 44 h following the final chronic cocaine administration. Animals treated with betaxolol during cocaine withdrawal exhibited a significant attenuation of anxiety-like behavior characterized by increased time spent in the open arms and increased entries into the open arms compared to animals treated with only saline during cocaine withdrawal. Betaxolol did not produce anxiolytic-like effects in control animals treated chronically with saline [1]. Betaxolol produces less systemic beta 2- and possibly beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade than either timolol or levobunolol. Betaxolol may be relatively safer to use in patients with reactive airway disease than either timolol or levobunolol [2].
β2AR/M3-receptor agonist-1 (example 9) is a potent β2AR and M3 receptor agonist. β2AR/M3-receptor agonist-1 shows M3 receptor affinity with a pIC50 value of 9.3. β2AR/M3-receptor agonist-1 has the potential for the research of respiratory tract disorders[1].
3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (Isoferulic acid) is a cinnamic acid derivative that has antidiabetic activity. 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid binds to and activates α1-adrenergic receptors (IC50=1.4 µM) to enhance secretion of β-endorphin (EC50=52.2 nM) and increase glucose use.
Tedatioxetine hydrobromide acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 and α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Doxazosin(UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.Target: Adrenergic ReceptorDoxazosin is a long-lasting inhibitor of α1-adrenoceptors that is widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms [1]. doxazosin may have a direct inhibitory effect on cholesterol synthesis independent of the LDL receptor. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by doxazosin may cause cells to compensate by upregulating the LDL receptor, thereby increasing the importation of lipoprotein cholesterol and reducing LDL cholesterol in the medium [2]. Doxazosin monotherapy was effective in eight of 12 patients (66.7%), and combined therapy with a beta-blocker was effective in 11 of 12 patients (91.7%). The mean pulse rate remained constant throughout therapy. Adverse reactions were minor and transient and occurred in only three patients. Urinary and plasma catecholamine levels tended to decrease or remained unchanged during doxazosin therapy [3].Clinical indications: Hypertension; Prostate hyperplasiaFDA Approved Date: February 22, 2005Toxicity: Symptoms of overdose include hypotension
Solabegron (GW 427353) is a selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, stimulating cAMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human β3-AR, with an EC50 value of 22 nM[1]. Solabegron (GW 427353) is being developed for the treatment of overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome[1].
Atipamezole is a synthetic α2-adrenoceptor antagonist with a Ki of 1.6 nM.
QF0301B is an α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist and a low α2 adrenoceptor, 5-HT2A, and histamine H1 receptor blocker.
Indoramin D5 is deuterium labeled Indoramin, which is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.
Propranolol D7 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Propranolol hydrochloride. Propranolol hydrochloride is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol hydrochloride inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol hydrochloride is used to control hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3].
Isoetharine (Isoetarine) mesylate is an orally active selective agonist of β-adrenergic receptors. Isoetharine mesylate is a catechol-like drug and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) mediates its methylation. Isoetharine mesylate can promote the production of cAMP which stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscle cells and can be used as an emphysema, bronchitis and bronchodilator[1][2].
Doxazosin mesylate(UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.Target: α1-adrenergic receptorDoxazosin (mesylate) is the mesylate salt form of doxazosin, which is a long-lasting inhibitor of α1-adrenoceptors that is widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms [1]. doxazosin may have a direct inhibitory effect on cholesterol synthesis independent of the LDL receptor. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by doxazosin may cause cells to compensate by upregulating the LDL receptor, thereby increasing the importation of lipoprotein cholesterol and reducing LDL cholesterol in the medium [2]. Doxazosin monotherapy was effective in eight of 12 patients (66.7%), and combined therapy with a beta-blocker was effective in 11 of 12 patients (91.7%). The mean pulse rate remained constant throughout therapy. Adverse reactions were minor and transient and occurred in only three patients. Urinary and plasma catecholamine levels tended to decrease or remained unchanged during doxazosin therapy [3].
Guanfacine is a selective α2A receptor agonist.Target: α2A ReceptorGuanfacine is a sympatholytic. It is a selective α2A receptor agonist. These receptors are concentrated heavily in the prefrontal cortex and the locus coeruleus, with the potential to improve attention resulting from interaction with receptors in the former. Guanfacine lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system α2A norepinephrine autoreceptors, which results in reduced peripheral sympathetic outflow and thus a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone [1, 2].
Doxazosin D8 (UK 33274 D8) is a deuterium labeled Doxazosin (UK 33274). Doxazosin is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1 adrenergic receptors[1].