Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome. Autophagy plays a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles. Different selective forms of autophagy have been identified and characterized, leading to the specific degradation of organelles or pathogens. These selective pathways include the autophagic degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisomes (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosomes (ribophagy), protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy), or intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy consists of several sequential steps--sequestration, transport to lysosomes, degradation, and utilization of degradation products--and each step may exert different function. Autophagy signal transduction are mainly regulated by autophagy-related genes/proteins, Atgs. ATGs have unveiled much of the machinery of autophagosome formation. Furthermore, different non-ATG proteins are involved in the regulation and process of autophagy, e.g., mTOR, AMPK, AKT, AMBRA1, BCL2, DFCP1, or VPS34.

Autophagy and its dysregulation have been implicated in different human diseases or processes, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, immunity, or aging. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation, either inducing or inhibiting autophagy, through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to modulate the clinical course of neurodegenerative diseases or promote chemotherapeutic response in tumor models. Besides, several clinical drugs and compounds in diabetes are also found to involve regulation of autophagy.

References:
[1] Glick D, et al. J Pathol. 2010 May;221(1):3-12.
[2] Mizushima N. Genes Dev. 2007 Nov 15;21(22):2861-73.
[3] Wesselborg S, et al. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015 Dec;72(24):4721-57.
[4] Zhang XW, et al. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2017 Apr;19(4):314-319.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
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Apoptosis >
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Autophagy >
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Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
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15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
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VD/VDR
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Aliskiren hemifumarate

Aliskiren hemifumarate(CGP 60536) is a direct renin inhibitor with IC50 of 1.5 nM.IC50 value: 1.5 nM [1]Target: reninin vitro: Aliskiren hemifumarate appears to bind to both the hydrophobic S1/S3-binding pocket and to a large, distinct subpocket that extends from the S3-binding site towards the hydrophobic core of renin. Oral bioavailability of Aliskiren hemifumarate is 2.4% in rats, 16% in marmosets and about 2.5% in humans [2].in vivo: Aliskiren hemifumarate (< 10 mg/kg, oral) inhibits plasma renin activity and lowers blood pressure in sodium-depleted marmosets[3].Once-daily oral treatment with Aliskiren hemifumarate lowers blood pressure effectively, with a safety and tolerability profile, in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension[4].

  • CAS Number: 173334-58-2
  • MF: C64H110N6O16
  • MW: 1219.59000
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 72-75?C
  • Flash Point: N/A

Erlotinib-d6 (hydrochloride)

Erlotinib D6 hydrochloride (CP-358774 D6 hydrochloride) a deuterium labeled Erlotinib Hydrochloride. Erlotinib Hydrochloride inhibits purified EGFR kinase with an 50 of 2 nM[1].

  • CAS Number: 1189953-78-3
  • MF: C22H18D6ClN3O4
  • MW: 435.93400
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Rutin

Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-angiogenic and antiviral properties.

  • CAS Number: 153-18-4
  • MF: C27H30O16
  • MW: 610.518
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.8±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 983.1±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 195 °C (dec.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 325.4±27.8 °C

BIX-01294 trihydrochloride

BIX-01294 trihydrochloride is a reversible and highly selective G9a Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2.7 μM in DELFIA assay. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride specifically inhibits G9a (H3K9me2) and GLP enzyme (H3K9me3), with IC50s of 1.7 μM and 38 μM, respectively. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride inhibits G9a/GLP by competing for binding with the amino acids N-terminal of the substrate lysine residue. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride, a (1H-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl amine derivative, induces necroptosis and autophagy. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride has antitumor activity in recurrent tumor cells[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 1392399-03-9
  • MF: C28H41Cl3N6O2
  • MW: 600.02
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Icariin

Icariin is a flavonol glycoside. Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator.

  • CAS Number: 489-32-7
  • MF: C33H40O15
  • MW: 676.662
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 948.5±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 223-225ºC
  • Flash Point: 300.9±27.8 °C

SB202190 (FHPI)

SB 202190 is a cell-permeable p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38 and p38β2, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 152121-30-7
  • MF: C20H14FN3O
  • MW: 331.343
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 565.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 240-243℃
  • Flash Point: 295.9±30.1 °C

Schizandrin A

Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and Ki of 5.83 μM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 61281-38-7
  • MF: C24H32O6
  • MW: 416.507
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 544.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 114 °C
  • Flash Point: 215.6±30.0 °C

Noradrenaline tartrate

Norepinephrine tartrate (Levarterenol tartrate), a naturally occurring chemical in the body that acts as both a stress hormone and neurotransmitter, is a β1-selective adrenergic receptor agonist with EC50 of 5.37 μM.

  • CAS Number: 51-40-1
  • MF: C12H17NO9
  • MW: 319.265
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 442.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 221.5ºC

Aliskiren

Aliskiren(CGP 60536) is a direct renin inhibitor with IC50 of 1.5 nM.IC50 value: 1.5 nM [1]Target: reninin vitro: Aliskiren hemifumarate appears to bind to both the hydrophobic S1/S3-binding pocket and to a large, distinct subpocket that extends from the S3-binding site towards the hydrophobic core of renin. Oral bioavailability of Aliskiren hemifumarate is 2.4% in rats, 16% in marmosets and about 2.5% in humans [2].in vivo: Aliskiren hemifumarate (< 10 mg/kg, oral) inhibits plasma renin activity and lowers blood pressure in sodium-depleted marmosets[3].Once-daily oral treatment with Aliskiren hemifumarate lowers blood pressure effectively, with a safety and tolerability profile, in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension[4].

  • CAS Number: 173334-57-1
  • MF: C30H53N3O6
  • MW: 551.758
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 748.4±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 406.4±32.9 °C

(+)-brazilin

Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 474-07-7
  • MF: C16H14O5
  • MW: 286.279
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 555.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 156-157ºC
  • Flash Point: 289.9±30.1 °C

Ezetimibe-d4

Ezetimibe-d4 is deuterium labeled Ezetimibe. Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.

  • CAS Number: 1093659-89-2
  • MF: C24H17D4F2NO3
  • MW: 413.45
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate

Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate is a major desethyl metabolite of Chloroquine. Chloroquine diphosphate is an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate possesses antiplasmodic activity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 247912-76-1
  • MF: C16H28ClN3O8P2
  • MW: 487.80900
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DAPT (GSI-IX)

DAPT is a γ-secretase inhibitor with IC50s of 115 and 200 nM for total Aβ and Aβ42, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 208255-80-5
  • MF: C23H26F2N2O4
  • MW: 432.460
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 612.2±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 324.1±31.5 °C

Berberine chloride hydrate

Berberine chloride hydrate is an alkaloid in several plants with various biological functions, including insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity. Berberine chloride hydrate is an AMPK activator.

  • CAS Number: 68030-18-2
  • MF: C20H20ClNO5
  • MW: 389.83000
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MHY1485

MHY1485 is a cell-permeable mTOR activator. MHY1485 has an inhibitory effect on the autophagic process by inhibition of fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes.

  • CAS Number: 326914-06-1
  • MF: C17H21N7O4
  • MW: 387.393
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 643.3±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 259°C
  • Flash Point: 342.9±34.3 °C

C8-Ceramide

C8-Ceramide (N-Octanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine) is a cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C8-Ceramide has anti-proliferation properties and acts as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. C8-Ceramide stimulates dendritic cells to promote T cell responses upon virus infections. C8-Ceramide induces slight activation of protein kinase (PKC) in vitro[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 74713-59-0
  • MF: C26H51NO3
  • MW: 425.688
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 595.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 68-70°C
  • Flash Point: 313.9±30.1 °C

AS-605240

AS-605240 is a specific and orally active inhibitor of the PI3Kγ, with an IC50 of 8 nM, and a Ki of 7.8 nM.

  • CAS Number: 648450-29-7
  • MF: C12H7N3O2S
  • MW: 257.268
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BEZ235 (Tosylate)

BEZ235 Tosylate is a dual PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 4, 75, 7, 5 nM for PI3Kα, β, γ, δ, respectively. BEZ235 inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.

  • CAS Number: 1028385-32-1
  • MF: C37H31N5O4S
  • MW: 641.73800
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Oxaliplatin

Oxaliplatin is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It causes DNA crosslinking damage, prevents DNA replication and transcription and causes cell death.

  • CAS Number: 61825-94-3
  • MF: C8H12N2O4Pt
  • MW: 395.28
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 193.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tempol-d17

Tempol-d17 is the deuterium labeled Tempol[1]. Tempol is a general superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic drug that efficiently neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3].

  • CAS Number: 100326-46-3
  • MF: C9HD17NO2
  • MW: 189.350
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 69-71ºC(lit.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

Atorvastatin Sodium

Atorvastatin sodium is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin sodium inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively[1][2][3][4][5].

  • CAS Number: 134523-01-6
  • MF: C33H34FN2NaO5
  • MW: 580.62
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 722.2±60.0ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 390.6±32.9ºC

Maprotiline-d5 hydrochloride

Maprotiline-d5 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Maprotiline hydrochloride. Maprotiline hydrochloride is a selective noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor and a tetracyclic antidepressant[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1794942-12-3
  • MF: C20H19D5ClN
  • MW: 318.90
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Nortriptyline-d3 hydrochloride

Nortriptyline-d3 (Desmethylamitriptyline-d3) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Nortriptyline hydrochloride. Nortriptyline hydrochloride (Desmethylamitriptyline hydrochloride) is a tricyclic antidepressant and the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, and used to relieve the symptoms of depression[1].

  • CAS Number: 203784-52-5
  • MF: C19H19ClD3N
  • MW: 302.856
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 213-215ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

GDC-0349

GDC-0349 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with a Ki of 3.8 nM. GDC-0349 inhibits of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.

  • CAS Number: 1207360-89-1
  • MF: C24H32N6O3
  • MW: 452.549
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 571.3±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 299.3±30.1 °C

Levobupivacaine hydrochloride

Levobupivacaine Hcl is a local anaesthetic compound belonging to the amino amide group; long-acting local anesthetic.

  • CAS Number: 27262-48-2
  • MF: C18H29ClN2O
  • MW: 324.889
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 423.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 254 °C (dec.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 209.9ºC

VER-155008

VER-155008 is an inhibitor of Hsp70, with IC50s of 0.5 μM, 2.6 μM, and 2.6 μM for Hsp70, Hsc70 and Grp7, respectively, and with a Kd of 0.3 μM for Hsp70.

  • CAS Number: 1134156-31-2
  • MF: C25H23Cl2N7O4
  • MW: 556.401
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 856.3±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 471.7±37.1 °C

Gemcitabine-13C,15N2 hydrochloride

Gemcitabine-13C,15N2 (hydrochloride) is the 13C and 15N labeled Gemcitabine hydrochloride[1]. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (LY 188011 Hydrochloride) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, resulting in autophagyand apoptosis[2][3].

  • CAS Number: 2757566-59-7
  • MF: C813CH12ClF2N15N2O4
  • MW: 302.64
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MRT67307 dihydrochloride

MRT67307 dihydrochloride is a dual inhibitor of the IKKε and TBK-1 with IC50s of 160 and 19 nM, respectively[1]. MRT67307 dihydrochloride also inhibits ULK1 and ULK2 with IC50s of 45 and 38 nM, respectively. MRT67307 dihydrochloride also blocks autophagy in cells[2].

  • CAS Number: 1781882-89-0
  • MF: C26H38Cl2N6O2
  • MW: 537.52
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Olaparib (AZD2281)

Olaparib (AZD2281;KU0059436) is a potent and oral PARP inhibitor with IC50s of 5 and 1 nM for PARP1 and PARP2, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 763113-22-0
  • MF: C24H23FN4O3
  • MW: 434.463
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PRIMA-1

PRIMA-1 is a mutant p53 reactivator, restores the sensitivity of TP53 mutant-type thyroid cancer cells to the histone methylation inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A.

  • CAS Number: 5608-24-2
  • MF: C9H15NO3
  • MW: 185.220
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 353.7±17.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 167.7±20.9 °C