TAK-779 is a potent and selective nonpeptide antagonist of CCR5 and CXCR3, with a Ki of 1.1 nM for CCR5, and effectively and selectively inhibits R5 HIV-1, with EC50 and EC90 of 1.2 nM and 5.7 nM, respectively, in MAGI-CCR5 cells.
Sulfadoxine D3 is a deuterium labeled Sulfadoxine. Sulfadoxine is a long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract and malarial infections. Sulfadoxine inhibits HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Lersivirine(UK-453061) is a next-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI, IC50=119 nM) with a unique resistance profile that exhibits potent antiretroviral activity against wild-type human immunodeficiency virus and clinically relevant NNRTI-resistant strains.IC50 value: 0.119 uM [1]Target: NNRTIUK-453061(Compound 5) demonstrated excellent activity against large panels of wild type and drug-resistant HIV consistent with the encouraging profile demonstrated against the isolated RT enzymes. Compound 5 can be readily prepared in multi-gram quantities by virtue of the efficient and concise synthetic route. The compound also has good aqueous solubility and formulation characteristics which enable further in vivo evaluation. Clinical trials evaluating the potential of 5 (UK-453,061, lersivirine) to treat HIV infection are proceeding and further progress will be reported in due course [1].At clinically relevant lersivirine doses (500-1,000 mg total daily dose), the mean plasma exposure of midazolam was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 20-36 %. Co-administration of lersivirine 1,000 mg QD with OCs had minor PK effects, increasing ethinylestradiol exposure by 10 % and reducing levonorgestrel exposure by 13 % [2]. Mated Crl:CD1(ICR) mice were administered 0, 150, 350, and 500 mg/kg lersivirine once daily by oral gavage on gestation days 6 to 17, followed by cesarean section on gestation day 18. The first 2 days of dosing for the high-dose group were done at 250 mg/kg to allow induction of hepatic metabolizing enzymes, after which the dose was increased to 500 mg/kg/day [3].
Des(benzylpyridyl) Atazanavir is a metabolite of Atazanavir, which is a HIV protease inhibitor. Des(benzylpyridyl) Atazanavir can be used for the research of HIV-1 infection[1].
Loviride (R 89439) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), with IC50s of 0.3 µM for reverse transcriptase from HIV-1. Loviride (R 89439) inhibits HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV replication in MT-4 cells[1].
HIV-1 inhibitor-22 (compound 11a) is a potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 3.63 μM for HIV-1 RT. HIV-1 inhibitor-22 has antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 WT and K103N strains with EC50s of 0.304 μM and 0.201 μM, also has low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 227 μM)[1]
Emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with an EC50 of 0.01 µM in PBMC cell. It is an antiviral drug for the treatment of HIV infection.
Bellidifolin is a xanthone isolated from the stems of Swertia punicea, with hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities[1][2][3]. Bellidifolin also acts as a viral protein R (Vpr) inhibitor[4].
Tripterifordin, isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses significant anti-HIV replication activities in H9 lymphocyte cells with an EC50 value of 3100 nM, respectively[1].
SAMT-247 is a microbicide that selectively inactivate the viral nucleocapsid protein NCp7, causing zinc ejection and preventing RNA encapsidation. SAMT-247 shows good antiviral activity[1][2].
Maraviroc-d6 (UK-427857-d6) is the deuterium labeled Maraviroc. Maraviroc (UK-427857) is a selective CCR5 antagonist with activity against human HIV[1][2].
Fostemsavir (BMS-663068) is the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of BMS-626529. Fostemsavir (BMS-663068) is a novel attachment inhibitor that targets HIV-1 gp120 and prevents its binding to CD4+ T cells.
Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate (GS-7340 hemifumarate) is an investigational oral prodrug of Tenofovir. Tenofovir is a HIV-1 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Emtricitabine triphosphate tetrasodium salt is the tetrasodium salt form of Emtricitabine triphosphate (HY-131596). However，Emtricitabine triphosphate ((-)-Emtricitabine triphosphate) is the phosphorylated anabolite of Emtricitabine (HY-17427)，a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor，targeting to HIV and HBV[1].
NSC 108602 is a nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor 9 (compound 8a) is a potent HIV-1 RNase H inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.3 μM. HIV-1 integrase inhibitor 9 shows an antiviral activity[1].
Cenicriviroc is an orally active, dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist, also inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2, and displays potent anti-inflammatory and antiinfective activity.
5-Fluorouracil-13C,15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled 5-Fluorouracil[1]. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer[2][3]. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV[4].
Amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride is the methyl ester derivative of the polyene antibiotic Amphotericin B (A634250). Amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride is the cholesterol-binding compound possesses significant antifungal activity. Amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride disrupts HIV-1 particle production and potently inhibits HIV-1 replication[1][2].
Zalcitabine is a potent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV infection.
Oleanolic acid is a triterpenoid, inhibits infection by HIV-1 in in vitro infected PBMC, naturally infected PBMC and monocyte/macrophages with EC50 of 22.7 mM, 24.6 mM and 57.4 mM, respectively. Besides,it has IC50 of 17μM for the production of leukotriene B4 from rat peritoneal leukocytes.IC50:17μM(The production of leukotriene B4 from rat peritoneal leukocytes)[1]IC50:22.7 mM, 24.6 mM and 57.4 mM(in vitro infected PBMC, naturally infected PBMC and monocyte/macrophages by HIV-1, respectively.[2]In vitro: The highest of the four tested doses (100 μM), showed only a slight inhibition approximately, 30%. In contrast, the more powerful effect of oleanonic acid in this system, suggests that it acts through a mechanism related to the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, either directly or interfering with some of the mechanisms that participate in the complex activation of this enzyme. Oleanonic acid also acts by reducing prostaglandin synthesis.[1]Oleanolic acid inhibits the HIV-1 replication in all the cellular systems used (EC50 values: 22.7 microM, 24.6 microM and 57.4 microM for in vitro infected PBMC, naturally infected PBMC and M/M, respectively). As regards the mechanism of action, oleanolic acid inhibits in vitro the HIV-1 protease activity.[2]In vivo: Oleanonic acid exerted no activity on the oedema induced by application of ethyl phenylpropiolate after a pre-treatment of 16 h. In the TPA ear oedema test, it showed a non-significant 28% inhibition. However, when assayed on the ear oedema induced by DPP, oleanonic acid reduced the swelling by 40%, an effect similar to that of the standard carbamazepine. In the mouse model of delayed hypersensitivity induced by dinitrofluorobenzene, oleanonic acid was ineffective at both 24 and 96 h, while oleanolic acid reduced non-significantly the oedema at 96 h by 32%.In the TPA model of chronic inflammation induced by multiple applications, oleanonic acid showed a significant effect, with 45% inhibition. In contrast, oleanolic acid was inactive. Both inhibited the neutrophil infiltration measured as myeloperoxidase activity by 84% and 67%, respectively. The inhibition observed for dexamethasone on the swelling and myeloperoxidase activity was around 90%. The histological study of ears treated only with repeated doses of TPA showed an extensive diffusive inflammatory lesion with microabscesses affecting dermis and epidermis. The main infiltrating cells in the skin were neutrophils and epithelial thickness was 6.6±1.0 cells. In the tissues treated only with the solvent acetone, epithelial thickness was 2.1±0.5 and no signs of lesion or leukocyte infiltration were detectable. The multidose treatment with oleanonic acid reduced both the intensity and extension of the damage produced by TPA, as this was localized in the dermis, where the main infiltrating cells were lymphocytes, and where fibrosis was observed. In this case, epithelium thickness was 4.4±0.7 cells. The ears treated with dexamethasone showed minimal inflammatory lesions and sometimes none at all, and the epithelium thickness was 4.3±0.7 cells.The paw oedema induced by bradykinin was significantly reduced (61%) by oleanonic acid, whereas isoprenaline had a slightly lower effect (52%). Both oleanolic and oleanonic acid also reduced the paw oedema induced by phospholipase A2; the latter showing its strongest effect at 60 min, with an 84% inhibition, and maintaining activity at 90 min. Oleanolic acid also had its maximum effect at 60 min, vanishing at 90 min, while the activity of cyproheptadine was uniform along the experiment, ranging 80–90% inhibition .[1]
HIV-1 inhibitor-48 (compound 13o) is a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and exhibits anti-HIV-1 activity[1].
CCR5 antagonist 1 is a CCR5 antagonist which can inhibit HIV replication extracted from WO 2004054974 A2.
Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS; with a Ki of 270 μM.
Mesoxalate (Ketomalonic acid) a dicarboxylic acid and a ketonic acid which blocks HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), with the IC50 of 2.2 μM[1][2].
Maraviroc is a selective CCR5 antagonist with activity against human HIV.
Nifeviroc is an orally active CCR5 antagonist. Nifeviroc is used for the study of HIV type-1 infection[1].
HIV p17 Gag (77-85) is an HLA-A*0201(A2)-restricted CTL epitope, used in the research of anti-HIV[1].
Leronlimab (PRO 140) is a humanized IgG4 anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody. Leronlimab inhibits CCR5-mediated HIV-1 viral and lung metastasis in mouse tumor models. Leronlimab can be used for the research of HIV nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cancer[1].