Asimilobine is an aporphine isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from plant species of Magnolia obobata Thun. Asimilobine is a dopamine biosynthesis inhibitor and a serotonergic receptor antagonist. Asimilobine shows an antimalarial and anti-cancer activity[1][2].
Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) is a potent and orally active muscarinic cholinergic receptors antagonist. Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) shows high affinity for muscarinic M1 receptor subtype (Ki=5.1 nM) and M2 receptor subtype (Ki=54.6 nM) in brush-border membrane and basal plasma membranes, respectively[1]. Dicyclomine is an antispasmodic agent and relieves smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract in vivo[2].
Cyclophostin is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with IC50 values of 45, 0.76 and 1.3 nM for humans and two different insects, respectively[1].
Protopine hydrochloride, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is a specific reversible and competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Protopine hydrochloride exhibits anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumour activity[1][2].
PF-3845 is a selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor (Ki = 0.23 μM); showing negligible activity against FAAH2.IC50 value: 0.23 uMTarget: FAAHPF-3845 selectively inhibits FAAH by carbamylating FAAH's serine nucleophile [1]. PF-3845 treated mice (10 mg/kg, i.p.) shows rapid and complete inactivation of FAAH in the brain, as judged by competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) with the serine hydrolase-directed probe fluorophosphonate (FP)-rhodamine. PF-3845 shows a long duration of action up to 24 hour. PF-3845-treated mice also shows dramatic (>10-fold) elevation in brain levels of AEA and other NAEs (N-pamitoyl ethanolamine [PEA] and N-oleoyl ethanolamine [OEA]). FAAH is AEA-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase. PF-3845 (1–30 mg/kg, oral administration [p.o.]) causes a dose dependent inhibition of mechanical allodynia with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 3 mg/kg (rats are analyzed at 4 hour post dosing with PF-3845). At higher doses (10 and 30 mg/kg), PF-3845 inhibits pain responses to an equivalent, if not greater, degree than the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (10mg/kg, p.o.) [1]. PF-3845 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reverses LPS-induced tactile allodynia, but doesn't modify paw withdrawal thresholds in the saline-injected paw [2].
6-Chloromelatonin is a potent melatonin receptor agonist with greater metabolic stability than melatonin. 6-Chloromelatonin compete for [3H]-melatonin and 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding to MT1 receptors (pKi=8.9 and 9.1, respectively). 6-Chloromelatonin compete for [3H]-melatonin binding to MT2 receptors (pKi=9.77)[1][2].
Lavendustin C is a potent Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMK II) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.2 µM. Lavendustin C inhibits EGFR-associated tyrosine kinase (IC50=0.012 µM) and pp60c-src(+) kinase (IC50=0.5 µM) [1][2].
UBP 302, the S enantiomer, is a potent and selective GluK1 (GluR5)-subunit containing kainate receptor antagonist (apparent Kd=402 nM), and displays very little affinity on GluK2 (GluR6) kainate receptors. Anxiolytic effects[1][2][3].
NB-360 is a potent, brain penetrable, and orally bioavailable dual BACE1/BACE2 inhibitor (IC50: mouse and human BACE1=5 nM; BACE2=6 nM). NB-360 shows a superior pharmacological profile and robust reduction of amyloid-β and neuroinflammation in amyloid precursor protein(APP) transgenic mice. NB-360 can completely block the progression of Aβ deposition in the brains of APP transgenic mice. NB-360 shows excellent selectivity over the related aspartyl proteases pepsin, cathepsin D and cathepsin E[1][2].
Revefenacin (TD-4208; GSK1160724) is a potent mAChR antagonist; has a high affinity on M3 receptor with a Ki of 0.18 nM
Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Substrate is a Ca2+- and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) substrate peptide. Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Substrate is a synthetic peptide substrate for protein kinases[1].
Prucalopride hydrochloride is an orally active, selective and specific 5-HT4 receptor agonist (high affinity), with pKis of 8.6 and 8.1 for human 5-HT4a/4b receptors, respectively. Prucalopride hydrochloride improves intestinal motility by promoting regeneration of the intestinal nervous system in rats. Prucalopride hydrochloride also shows anticancer activity by blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Prucalopride hydrochloride can be used in studies of chronic constipation, pseudo-intestinal obstruction and cancer[1][2][3].
(±)-J-113397 is a potent and selective non-peptidyl ORL1 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 1.8 nM for cloned human ORL1. J-113397 inhibited nociceptin/orphanin FQ-stimulated GTPγS binding to CHO cells expressing ORL1 with an IC50 value of 5.3 nM. J-113397 can be used for researching the physiological roles of nociceptin/orphanin FQ[1].
NMDA receptor potentiator-1 (Compound 1368) is a subunit selective NMDA receptor potentiator with IC50s of 4 μM and 5 μM against NR2C and NR2D expression, respectively[1].
Piboserod (SB 207266) Hcl is a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist.IC50 value:Target: 5-HT4 antagonistin vitro: Piboserod did not modify the basal contractions but concentration-dependently antagonized the ability of 5-HT to enhance bladder strip contractions to EFS. In presence of 1 and 100 nM of piboserod, the maximal 5-HT-induced potentiations were reduced to 45.0+/-7.9 and 38.7+/-8.7%, respectively [1].in vivo: Piboserod significantly increased LVEF by 1.7% vs. placebo (CI 0.3, 3.2, P = 0.020), primarily through reduced end-systolic volume from 165 to 158 mL (P = 0.060). There was a trend for greater increase in LVEF (2.7%, CI -1.1, 6.6, P = 0.15) in a small subset of patients not on chronic beta-blocker therapy. There was no significant effect on neurohormones, quality of life, or exercise tolerance. Patients on piboserod reported more adverse events, but numbers were too small to identify specific safety issues [2]. Pretreatment with potent 5-HT4 ligands dose-dependently reduced striatal SB207145 concentration and the effective dose to achieve 50% receptor occupancy (ED50 ) values were 4.8, 2.0, 7.4, 9.9, 3.8 and 0.02 mg/kg for GR113808, piboserod, prucalopride, RS67333, TD8954 and PF04995274, respectively [3].
BuChE-IN-4 (Compound C6) is a potent inhibitor of BuChE with an IC50 of 7.7 nM. BuChE-IN-4 exhibits mild antioxidant capacity, nontoxicity, lipophilicity and neuroprotective activity[1].
[Sar9,Met(O2)11]-Substance P is a tachykinin NK1 receptor selective agonist.
DU125530 is a potent and selective5-HT1A receptor antagonist with Ki values of 0.7, 890, 1200, 240, 750, 1100 nM for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, respectively. DU125530 shows antidepressant effects[1][2].
AChE-IN-15 (Compound 3d) is a reversible human acetylcholinesterase (huAChE) (IC50=6.8 μM) and human butyrylcholinesterase (huBChE) (IC50=16.1 μM) inhibitor. AChE-IN-15 shows significant antioxidant potency, AChE-IN-15 can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease[1].
Deferoxamine mesylate is an iron chelator that binds free iron in a stable complex, preventing it from engaging in chemical reactions.
BGT1-IN-9 is an M1 muscarinic agonist.
Sarcosine is a glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT) inhibitor and an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor co-agonist at the glycine binding site.
DIPPA (hydrochloride) is an irreversible, long-lasting, selective and high affinity κ-opioid receptor antagonist. DIPPA (hydrochloride) can be used for the research of anxiety and antidepressant[1][2][3][4].
PF-06372865 is a novel potent, α2/3 functionally selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator; exhibits functional selectivity for receptors containing α2/3/5 subunits, with significant positive allosteric modulation (90-140%) but negligible activity (<20%) at GABAA receptors containing α1 subunits; demonstrates a robust increase in saccadic peak velocity, increases in beta frequency qEEG and a slight saturating increase in body sway in clinical trials. Epilepsy Phase 1 Clinical
Aceclidine is a modulator of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Aceclidine is a cycloplegic agent, a surfactant, a tonicity adjustor and optionally a viscosity enhancer and an antioxidant. Aceclidine has the potential for the research of disorders such as refractive errors of the eye, xerostomia, Sjogren's syndrome, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, lacrimal gland disease, and esotropia (extracted from patent US20150290125A1/US20110091459A1)[1][2].
SX-3228 is a selective benzodiazepine1 (BZ1) receptor agonist with an IC50 of 17 nM.
Vanilpyruvic acid is a catecholamine metabolite and precursor to vanillactic acid.
Mofegiline Hcl (MDL72974A) is a potent and selective enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B; shows marked selectivity for the B form (IC50 = 680 and 3.6 nM for MAO-A and MAO-B).IC50 value: 3.6 nM [1]Target: MAO-Bin vitro: MDL72974 inhibits rat brain mitochondrial MAO in a concentration and time-dependent fashion and shows marked selectivity for the B form (IC50 = 680 and 3.6 nM for MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively) [1]. is also capable of inhibiting semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAOs) obtained from vascular tissues and sera of different species. The inhibition of SSAO by MDL-72974A was irreversible and time dependent. It was competitive without preincubation of the enzyme with the inhibitor and demonstrated a mixed-type of inhibition when the enzyme was preincubated with the inhibitor. The IC50 values were estimated to be 2 x 10(-9) M, 5 x 10(-9) M, 8 x 10(-8) M and 2 x 10(-8) M for SSAO from dog aorta, rat aorta, bovine aorta and human umbilical artery, respectively [2]. in vivo: After oral administration to rats, the compound shows preferential inhibition of brain MAO-B with ED50 values of 8 and 0.18 mg/kg p.o. for the A and B forms, respectively. Selectivity is retained on repeat dosing. MDL 72,974 did not significantly potentiate the cardiovascular effects of intraduodenually-administered tyramine in anaesthetized rats and had only minor indirect sympathomimatic effects in the pithed rat [1]. Male beagle dogs were given single p.o. (20 mg/kg) and i.v. (5 mg/kg) doses of [14C]-Mofegiline. Total radioactivity excreted in urine and feces over 96 hr was, respectively, 75.5 +/- 3.8 and 6.3 +/- 3.4% of the dose after p.o. and 67.9 +/- 0.5 and 3.9 +/- 2.4% after i.v. administration. Unchanged drug in urine represented 3% of the dose after po and less than 1% after i.v. administration. Mofegiline was thus extensively metabolized in dogs, and urinary excretion was the major route of elimination of metabolites [3].
DAMGO TFA is a μ-opioid receptor (μ-OPR ) selective agonist with a Kd of 3.46 nM for native μ-OPR[1].
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride is a major metabolite of Clozapine and a human muscarinic designer receptors (DREADDs) agonist. Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride specifically activates the DREADD receptor hM3Dq. Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride can cross the blood-brain barrier[1][2][3]. Clozapine is a potent dopamine antagonist and also a potent and selective muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM) agonist[4][5].