Penfluridol is a highly potent, first generation diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic.
Chlorpropamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).Target:Chlorpropamide belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin.Chlorpropamide is not recommended for the treatment of NIDDM as it increases blood pressure and the risk of retinopathy. Up to 80% of the single oral dose of chlorpropramide is metabolized, likely in the liver; 80-90% of the dose is excreted in urine as unchanged drug and metabolites.
Sinapine is an alkaloid from seeds of the cruciferous species which shows favorable biological activities such as antioxidant and radio-protective activities.
L-Ascorbic acid-13C-1 is the 13C labeled L-Ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen
Lacidipine-13C8 is the deuterium labeled Lacidipine[1]. Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI)[2][3].
Branaplam (LMI070; NVS-SM1) hydrochloride is a highly potent, selective and orally active survival motor neuron-2 (SMN2) splicing modulator with an EC50 of 20 nM for SMN. Branaplam hydrochloride inhibits human-ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) with an IC50 of 6.3 μM. Branaplam hydrochloride elevates full-length SMN protein and extends survival in a severe spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) mouse model[1][2].
Kv3 modulator 4 is a Kv3.1 (pEC50=5.45) and Kv3.2 modulator extracted from patent WO2018020263A1, Cyclobutyl structure[1].
Conantokin G, a 17-amino-acid peptide, is a potent, selective and competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Conantokin G inhibits NMDA-evoked currents in murine cortical neurons with an IC50 of 480 nM. Conantokin G has neuroprotective properties[1][2].
GDC-0276 is a potent, selective, reversible and orally active NaV1.7 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM. GDC-0276 is well tolerated and exhibits a good pharmacokinetic profile. GDC-0276 has the potential for the treatment of pain and to address shortcomings of existing pain medications, such as addiction and off-target side effects[1].
Homocarnosine is a dipeptide of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine unique to brain. Homocarnosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator synthesized in the neuron from GABA and exhibiting anticonvulsant effects[1].Homocarnosine has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, prevention of DNA damage, and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation[2].
Ertugliflozin (PF-04971729) is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), with an IC50 of 0.877 nM for h-SGLT2[1]. A drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus[2].
DCEBIO, a derivative of 1-EBIO, is an extremely potent activator of Cl－ secretion in T84 colonic cells[1]. DCEBIO stimulates Cl－ secretion via the activation of hIK1 K＋ channels and the activation of an apical membrane Cl－ conductance[2].
Clamikalant sodium (HMR 1098) is an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel blocker. Clamikalant sodium can be used for the research of arrhythmia[1].
Fendiline is a nonselective calcium channel blocker.
Humulone (α-Lupulic acid), a prenylated phloroglucinol derivative, is a potent cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. Humulone acts as a positive modulator of GABAA receptor at low micromolar concentrations. Humulone is an inhibitor of bone resorption. Humulone possesses antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and apoptosis-inducing properties[1][2][3].
NMDA receptor antagonist 2 is a potent and orally active NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonist with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.0 nM and 0.88 nM, respectively. NMDA receptor antagonist 2 is used for the study of neuropathic pain and Parkinson’s disease[1].
UR-MB108 (Compound 57) is a potent, selective ABCG2 (BCRP) inhibitor with an IC50 of 79 nM. UR-MB108 is stable in blood plasma[1].
NS1219 ((R)-SPD502) is the isomer of NS 1209 HY-15074. NS1209 is a selective AMPA receptor antagonist with neuroprotective activity. NS1209 can be used for the research of stroke, neuropathic pain and epilepsy[1].
Jingzhaotoxin-V is a peptide that inhibits potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes with an IC50 value of 604.2 nM. Jingzhaotoxin-V also inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with IC50 values of 27.6 and 30.2 nM, respectively[1].
ML213 is a selective activator of Kv7.2 and Kv7.4 channels, enhances Kv7.2 and Kv7.4 channels with EC50s of 230 and 510 nM, respectively.
Tiapamil hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker.
SQ-31765 is a benzazepine calcium channel blocker.
Varenicline(CP 526555;Champix) is a selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist; it stimulates nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does.IC50 value:Target: nAChRVarenicline(CP 526555; Champix; Chantix) is a prescription medication used to treat smoking addiction. As a partial agonist it both reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Through these mechanisms Varenicline(CP 526555; Champix; Chantix) can assist some patients to quit smoking.
Encenicline (EVP-6124) is a novel partial agonist of α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
A potent, selective sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT or SLC13A5) with IC50 of 0.51 uM, >20-fold selectivity over NaDC1 and NaDC3; demonstrates dose-dependent inhibition of radioactive [(14)C]citrate uptake in liver and kidney in vivo, reduces fasting plasma glucose concentrations with suitable in vivo pharmacokinetic profile.
Taurolithocholic acid sodium salt, a potent cholestatic agent, is a potent Ca2+ agonist[1].
Noopept (GVS-111) is a medication promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a nootropic.IC50 Value:Target: in vitro: Nooglutil exhibits pharmacologically significant competition with a selective agonist of AMPA receptors ([G-3H]Ro 48-8587) for the receptor binding sites (with IC50 = 6.4 +/- 0.2 microM), while the competition of noopept for these receptor binding sites was lower by an order of magnitude (IC50 = 80 +/- 5.6 microM) [1]. GVS-111 significantly increased neuronal survival after H(2)O(2)-treatment displaying a dose-dependent neuroprotective activity from 10 nM to 100 microM, and an IC(50) value of 1.21+/-0.07 microM. GVS-111 inhibited the accumulation of intracellular free radicals and lipid peroxidation damage in neurons treated with H(2)O(2) or FeSO(4), suggesting an antioxidant mechanism of action [2].in vivo: N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester (GVS-111) administered intravenously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day, for the first time 1 h after ischaemic lesion and then for 9 post-operative days, with the last administration 15 min before testing, attenuated the deficit [3]. GVS-111 itself was not found in rat brain 1 h after 5 mg/kg i.p. administration up to limit of detection (LOD) under high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions [4]. The most pronounced antiinflammatory effect of dipeptide was observed on the model of adjuvant arthritis in rats, where the drug administered over 25 days in a daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg (i.m.) or 5 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly reduced the chronic immune inflammation (on the 12th day, by 94.0 and 74.1%, respectively) [5].Toxicity: Noopept administered in this dose range induced no irreversible pathologic changes in the organs and systems studied and exhibited no allergenic, immunotoxic, and mutagen activity [6]. Clinical trial: Discontinued
Palmitoylglycine, a novel endogenous lipid, acts as a modulator of calcium influx and nitric oxide production in sensory neurons. Palmitoylglycine induces transient influx of calcium followed by nitric oxide production via calcium-sensitive nitric-oxide synthase enzymes. Palmitoylglycine potently inhibits heat-evoked firing of nociceptive neurons in rat dorsal horn[1].
Benzonatate (Benzononatine) is a peripheral oral antitussive that dampens the activity of cough stretch receptors. Benzonatate has sodium channel-blocking properties and local anesthetic effects on the respiratory stretch receptors due to a tetracaine-like metabolite[1][2].
Ataluren (PTC124) is an orally available CFTR-G542X nonsense allele inhibitor.