Domperidone is a dopamine blocker and an antidopaminergic reagent.Target: Dopamine ReceptorDomperidone is a useful alternative to metoclopramide for treatment of gastroparesis due to better tolerability. Effectiveness and side-effects from domperidone may be influenced by patient-related factors including polymorphisms in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and domperidone targets [1]. Domperidone is a dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, which has been used as antiemetic agent in human beings. The percentage recovery of domperidone from wastewater was 95.0%. Celiprolol was used as the internal standard to access the percentage extraction of domperidone from wastewater [2]. Domperidone, a dopamine antagonist that does not easily cross the blood-brain barrier, is considered the gold standard for treating gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) because the risk of developing extrapyramidal adverse effects is considered minimal [3].
Domperidone (R33812) monomaleate is an orally active and selective dopamine-2 receptor antagonist. Domperidone monomaleate acts as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent through its effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and motor function of the stomach and small intestine[1].
Metoclopramide hydrochloride hydrate is a dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.IC50 Value:Target: D2 ReceptorMetoclopramide is a dopamine receptor antagonist which has been used for treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms over the last thirty years. In various countries, metoclopramide is the antiemetic drug of choice in pregnant women. Findings provide reassurance regarding the safety of metoclopramide for the fetus when the drug is given to women to relieve nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Evidence also supports its use for gastroparesis (poor stomach emptying) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. It appears to bind to dopamine D2 receptors where it is a receptor antagonist, and is also a mixed 5-HT3 receptor antagonist/ 5-HT4 receptor agonist.
Roxindole (EMD 49980), an indot-alkyl-pipenidine, is a potent agonist at dopamine autoreceptors, with an affinity for the D2-like subtype in the low nanomolar range. Roxindole can be used for the research of positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms. Roxindole is a 5-HT1A agonist and 5-HT uptake inhibitor with high affinity for 5-HT1A (IC50=0.9 nM). Antipsychotic and antidepressant activities[1][2][3].
Raclopride-d5 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Raclopride. Raclopride is a dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist, which binds to D2 and D3 receptors with dissociation constants (Kis) of 1.8 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively, but has a very low affinity for D1 and D4 receptors with Kis of 18000 nM and 2400 nM, respectively[1][2].
PF-00217830 is a serotonin 1A receptor agonist, dopamine D2 receptor agonist, and serotonin 2A receptor antagonist.PF-00217830 may be used in the study of schizophrenia.
Eticlopride hydrochloride, a selective dopamine D2‐like receptor antagonist, exhibits high affinity for dopamine D2, α1‐adrenergic, α2‐adrenergic, 5HT1, 5HT2 receptors with Kis of 0.09, 112, 699, 6220, and 830 nM, respectively. Antipsychotic agent[1].
Nomifensine maleate is a selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake, used in adult attention deficit disorder.
Ziprasidone Hcl(CP-88059 Hcl) is a combined 5-HT (serotonin) and dopamine receptor antagonist which exhibits potent effects of antipsychotic activity.Target: 5-HT receptor; Dopamine receptorZiprasidone (hydrochloride) is the salt form of ziprasidone, which possesses an in vitro 5-HT2A/dopamine D2 receptor affinity ratio higher than any clinically available antipsychotic agent. In vivo, ziprasidone antagonizes 5-HT2A receptor-induced head twitch with 6-fold higher potency than for blockade of d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, a measure of central dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. Ziprasidone also has high affinity for the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes, which may further enhance its therapeutic potential [1]. Ziprasidone sulfoxide and sulfone were the major metabolites in human serum. The affinities of the sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites for 5-HT2 and D2 receptors are low with respect to ziprasidone, and are thus unlikely to contribute to its antipsychotic effects [2]. Ziprasidone was associated with significant differential adverse effects relative to placebo in BPM, BPD, and schizophrenia with no significant difference in weight gain in all 3 groups. Self-reported somnolence was increased across the 3 conditions. Subjects with BPM were more vulnerable to EPS than those with BPD or schizophrenia [3].Clinical indications: Bipolar I disorder; Bipolar disorder; Mania; SchizophreniaFDA Approved Date: February 2001
Molindone ((±)-Molindone), an indole derivative, is a potent dopamine D2 and D5 receptor antagonist. Molindone ((±)-Molindone) can be used for the research of schizophrenia and severe mental illness[1][2].
Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone) is a dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class of medications. IC50 value:Target: dopamine receptorin vitro: Paliperidone inhibited MK-801 induced neurotoxicity both in MTT metabolism assay (p<0.01) and in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay (p<0.01). Moreover, paliperidone could significantly retard MK-801-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth (p<0.01) and reverse MK-801-induced decreases of gene expression and phosphorylation of Akt1 and GSK3β (both p<0.01). Furthermore, these protective effects of paliperidone were blocked by pretreatment with a PI3K inhibitor LY294002 [1]. paliperidone works finely at low concentrations (10 and 50 μM) against Aβ(25-35) and MPP(+) and solely protected SH-SY5Y from hydrogen peroxide. At 100 μM, paliperidone completely diminished cell reduction induced by different stressors, regardless of their dosages. Paliperidone was demonstrated with a higher oxidative stress-scavenging properties than other APDs in several aspects, such as generated bulk glutathione, low HNE, and protein carbonyl productions [2].in vivo: The 9OHRIS (4 mg/bwkg) was administred by gastric tube. Four groups were formed depending on the treatment: (1) control, (2) stress, (3) 9OHRIS, (4) stress and parallel 9OHRIS treatment (n=5-6). The expression of APP, MAPK1, β-actin mRNAs from the perfused brain samples was measured with real-time PCR technique [3].Male offspring were treated orally via drinking water with vehicle, risperidone (0.01mg/kg/day), or paliperidone (0.01mg/kg/day) between postnatal days 35 and 56 (periadolescence) and extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex were determined by microdialysis at PD 56 [4].
Cinitapride monotartrate is a 5-HT1A and 5-HT4 agonist. Cinitapride monotartrate is also a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist. Cinitapride monotartrate can be used for the research of functional dyspepsia[1][2].
Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM.
SKF 38393 hydrobromide is a selective agonist of the dopamine D1 receptor (D1DR) with an IC50 of 110 nM[1].
NRA-0160 is a selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, with a Ki value of 0.48 nM and with negligible affinity for dopamine D2 receptor (Ki: >10000 nM), D3 receptor (Ki: 39 nM), rat 5-HT2A receptor (Ki: 180 nM) and rat α1 adrenoceptor (Ki: 237 nM).
SB-277011 hydrochloride (SB-277011A hydrochloride) is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable and brain penetrate dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonist with Ki values of 10.7 nM and 11.2 nM at rodent and human D3R, respectively. SB-277011 hydrochloride displays 80- to 100-fold selectivity over other dopamine receptors with pKis of 8.0, 6.0, <5.2, and 5.9 for D3, D2, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1D receptors, respectively[1][2].
Sultopride-d5 (LIN-1418-d5) is the deuterium labeled Sultopride. Sultopride (LIN-1418) is a selective antagonist of dopamine D2 receptor[1][2].
Pimozide D4 (R6238 D4) is a deuterium labeled Pimozide. Pimozide is a dopamine receptor antagonist, with Kis of 1.4 nM, 2.5 nM and 588 nM for dopamine D2, D3 and D1 receptors, respectively, and also has affinity at α1-adrenoceptor, with a Ki of 39 nM; Pimozide also inhibits STAT3 and STAT5[1][2][3].
SCH-23390 maleate (R-(+)-SCH-23390 maleate) is a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist with Kis of 0.2 nM and 0.3 nM for the D1 and D5 receptor, respectively. SCH-23390 maleate is a potent and high efficacy human 5-HT2C receptor agonist with a Ki of 9.3 nM. SCH-23390 maleate also binds with high affinity to the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors. SCH-23390 maleate inhibits G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels with an IC50 of 268 nM[1][2][3].
(Rac)-Tavapadon ((Rac)-PF-06649751; (Rac)-CVL-751) is a potent and selective noncatechol dopamine D1 receptor agonist. (Rac)-Tavapadon displays potent full agonism in the GS activation assay as well as partial agonism in the β-arrestin2 recruitment assay (GS-cAMP, EC50=0.8 nM; β-arrestin2, EC50=68 nM). (Rac)-Tavapadon has antiparkinsonian activity[1].
SB269652 is the first drug-like allosteric modulator of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R); a new chemical probe that can differentiate D2R monomers from dimers or oligomers depending on the observed pharmacology.IC50 value: 0.2/0.5 nM [1]Target: D3 receptor antagonistSB269,652 potently (low nanomolar range) abolished specific binding of [(3)H]nemanopride and [(3)H]spiperone to Chinese hamster ovary-transfected D(3) receptors when radioligands were used at 0.2 and 0.5 nM, respectively. However, even at high concentrations (5 μM), SB269,652 only submaximally inhibited the specific binding of these radioligands when they were employed at 10-fold higher concentrations. By analogy, although SB269,652 potently blocked D(3) receptor-mediated activation of Gα(i3) and phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, when concentrations of dopamine were increased by 10-fold, from 1 μM to 10 μM, SB269,652 only submaximally inhibited dopamine-induced stimulation of Gα(i3) [1].
Fluphenazine dimaleate is a potent, orally active phenothiazine-based dopamine receptor antagonist. Fluphenazine dimaleate blocks neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels. Fluphenazine dimaleate acts primarily through antagonism of postsynaptic dopamine-2 receptors in mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular neural pathways. Fluphenazine dimaleate can antagonize Methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing and inhibit climbing behaviour in mice. Fluphenazine dimaleate can be used for researching psychosis and painful peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes and has potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2[1][2][3][4][6].
A-381393 is a potent, selective, brain penetrate dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, with Kis of 1.5, 1.9 and 1.6 nM for human dopamine D4.4, D4.2, and D4.7 receptor, respectively, >2700-fold selectivity over D1, D2, D3 and D5 dopamine receptors. A-381393 shows moderate affinity for 5-HT2A (Ki, 370 nM)[1].
Quinelorane dihydrochloride (LY163502) is a potent dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonist. Quinelorane has the potential for neurological and psychiatric disorders research[1][2].
Molindone is a therapeutic antipsychotic, used in the treatment of schizophrenia, works by blocking the effects of dopamine in the brain, leading to diminished psychoses.
Loxapine hydrochloride is an orally active dopamine inhibitor, 5-HT receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent[1][4].
Piribedil is a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist which also displays antagonist property at hα1A-adrenoceptor (hα1A-AR).
Metoclopramide-d3 is deuterium labeled Metoclopramide. Metoclopramide is a potent antagonist of 5-HT3 and dopamine D2 receptor, with IC50s of 308 nM and 483 nM, respectively. Metoclopramide can be used for the research of nausea and vomiting, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and gastroparesis[1][2].
SKF83959 is a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist. SKF83959 Ki values for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM, respectively. SKF83959 is a potent allosteric modulator of sigma (σ)-1 receptor. SKF83959 belongs to benzazepine family and has improvements on cognitive dysfunction. SKF83959 can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease and depression[1][2][3][4].
PW0464, a nanomolar potent complete G protein biased ligand, is a noncatechol D1R agonist, with an EC50 of 5.8 nM (Gs-cAMP)[1].