Gardenin A is an orally active and synthetic PMF analogue with the neurotrophic effect for neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation. Gardenin A promotes neuritogenesis via activating MAPK/ERK, PKC, and PKA, but not TrkA, CREB signaling pathways. Gardenin A also has sedative, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant effects[1][2].
Desvenlafaxine-d6 is deuterium labeled Desvenlafaxine. Desvenlafaxine, the succinate salt form of the isolated major active metabolite of Venlafaxine (HY-B0196), is an orally active and BBB penetrated 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with IC50 values of 47.3 nM and 531.3 nM for hSERT and hNET, respectively. Desvenlafaxine shows weak binding affinity (62% inhibition at 100 μM) at the human dopamine (DA) transporter[1][2].
NOT Receptor Modulator 1 is a nuclear receptor NOT modulator extracted from patent WO 2008034974 A1, Example 39 in table1.
Risperidone mesylate(R 64 766 mesylate) is a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor blocker(Ki= 0.16 nM) and a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist(Ki= 1.4 nM). IC50 Value: 0.16 nM (Ki for 5-HT2 receptor); 1.4 nM (Ki for dopamine D2 receptor ) [1]Target: 5-HT2 receptor; D2 receptorRisperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug which is mainly used to treat schizophrenia (including adolescent schizophrenia) and schizoaffective disorder. Risperidone has excellent oral activity, a rapid onset, and a 24-h duration of action.in vitro: Risperidone is serotonin 5-HT2 receptor blockade as shown by displacement of radioligand binding (Ki: 0.16 nM), activity on isolated tissues (EC50: 0.5 nM). Risperidone is also a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist as indicated by displacement of radioligand binding (Ki: 1.4 nM), activity in isolated striatal slices (IC50: 0.89 nM) [1]. Risperidone increased the production of IL-10 and MDC as well as the proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, but decreased the production of IP-10 and IL-12. Furthermore, the exposure of DCs to risperidone led to lower IFN-γ production by T-cells [2].in vivo: Risperidone has the antagonism of peripherally (ED50: 0.0011 mg/kg) and centrally (ED50: 0.014 mg/kg) acting 5-HT2 receptor agonists in rats and antagonism of peripherally (ED50: 0.0057 mg/kg in dogs) and centrally acting D2 receptor agonists (ED50: 0.056-0.15 mg/kg in rats) [1]. Long-Evans rats received daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle or 1 of 2 doses of risperidone (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg per day) from postnatal Days 14 to 42. Weight gain during development was slightly yet significantly reduced in risperidone-treatedrats. In the first 2 experiments, early-life risperidone administration was associated with increased locomotor activity at 1 week postadministration through approximately 9 months of age, independent of changes in weight gain [3].Toxicity: The changes in the reproductive system (uterus, ovary, vagina, cervix, and mammary gland) were considered secondary to the prolactin elevation, and the congestion of spleen was related to risperidone [4].
Cyclobenzaprine-13C,d3 (hydrochloride) is the 13C- and deuterium labeled.
PEAQX(NVP-AAM 077) is a potent and orally active NMDA antagonist with a 15-fold preference for human NMDA receptors with the 1A/2A(IC50=270 nM), rather than 1A/2B(29,600 nM).IC50 value: 270 nM(hNMDA A1/A2) [1]Target: NR2A antagonistin vitro: PEAQX has a high binding affinity for NMDA receptors (IC50=8 nM), and a functional preference in excess of 100-fold for hNMDA 1A/2A (IC50=of 270 nM) over 1A/2B receptors (IC50=29,600 nM) [1].in vivo: PEAQX is practically inactive in Xenopus oocytes expressing hNMDA 1A/2B receptors, displays an ED50 value of 23 mg/kg in the MES test [1]. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated on PN7, PN9, and PN11 with PCP (10 mg/kg), PEAQX (NR2A-preferring antagonist; 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg), or ifenprodil (selective NR2B antagonist; 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) and sacrificed for measurement of caspase-3 activity (an index of apoptosis) or allowed to age and tested for locomotor sensitization to PCP challenge on PN28-PN35. PCP or PEAQX on PN7, PN9, and PN11 markedly elevated caspase-3 activity in the cortex; ifenprodil showed no effect. Striatal apoptosis was evident only after subchronic treatment with a high dose of PEAQX (20 mg/kg). Animals treated with PCP or PEAQX on PN7, PN9, and PN11 showed a sensitized locomotor response to PCP challenge on PN28-PN35 [2].
MTEP Hcl is a potent, selective and non-competitive mGlu5 antagonist with IC50 and Ki of 5 nM and 16 nM, respectively. IC50 Value: 5 nM [1]Target: mGluR5MTEP occupied mGlu5 receptors in a dose-dependent manner with essentially full receptor occupancy at the highest dose tested (10 mg/kg, i.p.). At doses appropriate for mGlu5 receptor-mediated effects, MTEP significantly reduced fear-potentiated startle and increased punished responding in a modified Geller-Seifter conflict model consistent with an anxiolytic-like profile. MTEP decreased unpunished responding to a lesser extent than diazepam and had no effect on rotarod performance when administered either alone or in combination with ethanol. Repeated dosing with MTEP in this model eliminated the increase in punished responding observed with acute dosing.
Gelsemiol is the main active ingredient in Verbena littoralis H. B. K.. Gelsemiol enhanced nerve growth factor (NGF) -induced axonal elongation in PC12D cells[1].
Z-Thioprolyl-Thiazolidine is a potent and specific prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor with an Ki value of 0.36 nM for bovine brain prolyl endopeptidase[1]
Tetrabenazine (Racemate) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2).(1) The reference for administration is 0.25-0.75 mg/kg IP(2) Injections of tetrabenazine into accumbens core also reduced FR5 lever pressing and increased chow intake. (3) Tetrabenazine (Racemate) reduced extracellular DA and altered DARPP-32 signaling in both substance-P- and enkephalin-containing accumbens neurons. (4) Tetrabenazine (Racemate) inhibits locomotor activity and produces hypothermia upon systemic administration in rats and mice.
Beta-asarone is a major ingredient of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, penetrates blood brain barrier, with the properties ofimmunosuppression, central nervous system inhibition, sedation, and hypothermy. Beta-asarone protects against Parkinson’s disease[1].
Atuzaginstat (COR388) is an effective small-molecule bacterial protease lysine gingipain inhibitor and can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease[1][2].
SKF 81297 hydrobromide is a potent and selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist[1].
HSK16149 is a novel ligand of voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) α 2 δ subunit.
Glycine-13C2,15N is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity.
Glucosylceramide synthase-IN-2 (compound T-690) is a potent, brain-penetrant and orally active glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor with IC50s of 15 nM and 190 nM for human GCS and mouse GCS, respectively.Glucosylceramide synthase-IN-2 exhibits noncompetitive type inhibition with C8-ceramide and UDP-glucose.Glucosylceramide synthase-IN-2 can be used for Gaucher's disease research[1].
GABAA receptor agent 6 (compound 2027) is a potent γ-GABAAR antagonist with an Ki of 0.56 µM. GABAA receptor agent 6 shows γ-GABAAR antagonist activity with low cellular membrane permeability[1].
Indibulin (ZIO 301) , an orally applicable inhibitor of tubulin assembly, shows potent anticancer activity with a minimal neurotoxicity. Indibulin reduces inter-kinetochoric tension, produces aberrant spindles, activates mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad2 and BubR1, and induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis[1].
3α-Hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid is a tirucallane triterpene isolated from the oleoresin of Protium hebetatum Daly[1].
PNU 37883 hydrochloride (PNU 37883A) is a selective vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (Kir6, KATP) channels blocker. PNU 37883 hydrochloride has diuretic effects with specific binding in kidney and vascular smooth muscle rather than in brain or pancreatic beta cells[1][2].
GZ-793A is an orally active and selective vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor, with an Ki of 0.029 µM. GZ-793A inhibits the neurochemical effects of methamphetamine (METH)-induced dopamine release. GZ-793A can be used for research of METH addiction[1][2][3].
Infliximab (Avakine) is a chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody that specifically binds to TNF-α. Infliximab prevents the interaction of TNF-α with TNF-α receptor (TNFR1 and TNFR2). Infliximab has the potential for autoimmune, chronic inflammatory diseases and diabetic neuropathy research[1][2].
Neurokinin A acts via neurokinin 2 (NK-2) receptor.
LQVTDSGLYRCVIYHPP (LP17) is a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) inhibitory peptide. LQVTDSGLYRCVIYHPP substantially alleviates ischemia-induced infarction and neuronal injury[1].
TAT-DEF-Elk-1 (TDE) is a cell-penetrating peptide inhibitor of Elk-1, mimics and specifically interferes with the DEF domain of Elk-1. TAT-DEF-Elk-1 blocks Elk-1 phosphorylation and prevents Elk-1 nuclear translocation without interfering with ERK nor MSK1 activation. TAT-DEF-Elk-1 is a useful tool to analyze the role of Elk-1 in this process during the development of neuronal plasticity[1].
RX 801077 hydrochloride (2 BFI) is a selective imidazoline I2 receptor (I2R) agonist with a Ki value of 70.1 nM. RX 801077 hydrochlorideshows anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. RX 801077 hydrochloride has the potential for the research of traumatic brain injury (TBI)[1][2].
Licarin A ((+)-Licarin A), a neolignan isolated from various plants, significantly and dose-dependently reduces TNF-α production (IC50=12.6±0.3 μM) in dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA)-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Anti-allergic effects. Licarin A reduces TNF-α and PGD2 production, and COX-2 expression[1]。
NIDA-41020 is a potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1) antagonist with a Ki of 4.1 nM. NIDA-41020 was designed as a potential radioligand for use in positron emission tomography (PET)[1].
5β-Androstan-3β-ol-17-one (3β-Etiocholanolone; 5β-Epiandrosterone), a steroid with 5β reduction, is one the major metabolic products of ehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). 5β-Androstan-3β-ol-17-one exert strong antihyperglycemic effects in C57BL/KsJ genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. 5β-Androstan-3β-ol-17-one also exerts depressive effect on neurons[1][2].