L-Carnitine hydrochloride ((R)-Carnitine hydrochloride), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine hydrochloride functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine hydrochloride is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine hydrochloride can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3].
L-165041 is a cell permeable PPARδ agonist, with Kis of 6 nM and appr 730 nM for PPARδ and PPARγ, respectively, and induces adipocyte differentiation in NIH-PPARδ cells.
PD 125967 is an oligopeptide renin inhibitor. PD125967 can be used to low blood pressure[1].
Pteryxin, a coumarin in Peucedanum japonicum Thunb leaves, exerts antiobesity activity[1]. Pteryxin is a potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12.96 μg/ml[2].
Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate (Potassium citrate monohydrate) is the major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia and a derivative of citric acid. Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase with weight loss benefits. Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate effective inhibits stones formation and also inhibits HIF, and has antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects[1][2][3][4].
D-Glucose-d2-2 is the deuterium labeled D-Glucose. D-Glucose (Glucose), a monosaccharide, is an important carbohydrate in biology. D-Glucose is a carbohydrate sweetener and critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling mol
Desacetyl bisacodyl is the active metabolite of the laxative bisacodyl. Desacetyl bisacodyl induces epithelial Cl(-) secretion in rat colon and rectum. Desacetyl bisacodyl evokes several effects at the colon or rectum, including increased mucus and chloride secretion[1].
8-Hydroxyguanosine is a systematic marker of oxidative stress and a marker of hydroxyl radical damage to RNA.
VU0119498 is a pan Gq mAChR M1, M3, M5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), with EC50s of 6.04, 6.38, and 4.08 µM, respectively. VU0119498 has antidiabetic activity[1][2][3].
Acamprosate is an orally active prototypic neuromodulator. Acamprosate can be used for the research of alcohol dependence and alcoholism[1].
2-Cyanopyrimidine is a potent and non-selective cysteine protease cathepsin K inhibitor with an IC50 of 170 nM. 2-Cyanopyrimidine is used for osteoporos[1].
Testosterone decanoate-d3 is the deuterium labeled Testosterone decanoate. Testosterone decanoate is a naturally occurring androgen testosterone ester. Testosterone decanoate shows long-acting male antifertility effects.
Methocarbamol D5 is deuterium labeled Methocarbamol. Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant[1].
Midaglizole ((±)-DG5128 free base, DG5128 free base) is a potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Midaglizole is a hypoglycemic agent. Midaglizole increases blood pressure and reduces blood glucose levels in vivo[1][2][3].
[Des-His1,Glu9]-Glucagon amide is a potent and peptide antagonist of the glucagon receptor, with a pA2 of 7.2. [Des-His1,Glu9]-Glucagon amide is potentially useful in the study of the pathogenesis of diabetes[1].
Famotidine is a competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.Target: Histamine H2 ReceptorFamotidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and it is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD). Famotidine Group(2 mg/kg/day) were significantly lower than the equivalent parameters for the Control Group on both the third and seventh days post-surgery. famotidine exerts detrimental effects on the anastomotic bursting pressure and hydroxyproline content of perianastomotic tissues in the colon of rats [1]. famotidine increased the transgastric potential difference (PD) and promoted the recovery of decreased transgastric PD induced by acidified ethanol in rats. The preventive effect of famotidine on gastric lesions is attributable not only to suppression of acid secretion but to activation of the gastric mucosal defensive mechanisms [2].
Peucedanol is a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 with a Ki value of 4.07 μM and a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 with Ki values of 3.39 μM and 6.77 μM, respectively[1].
VO-OHPic is a reversible, noncompetitive and selective PTEN inhibitor with an IC50 of 46 nM. VO-OHPic attenuates apoptosis, adverse cardiac remodeling, and pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. VO-OHPic inhibits autophagy[1][2][3].
hCAI/II-IN-5 (compound MZ8) is a potent hCA I and hCA II (human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 37.88 and 45.23 nM, respectively. hCAI/II-IN-5 also shows inhibition profile against α-Glycosidase and AChE, with IC50 values of 48.98 and 420.14 nM, respectively. hCAI/II-IN-5 can be used for the research of many diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, heart failure, ulcer, and epilepsy[1].
GSK4112 is a Rev-erbα agonist with EC50 of 0.4 μM, also is a small molecule chemical probe for the cell biology of the nuclear heme receptor Rev-erbα.IC50 value: 0.4 μM (EC50)Target: Rev-erbαin vitro: GSK4112 profiled as a Rev-erb agonist in cells to inhibit expression of the circadian target gene bmal1. In addition, GSK4112 repressed the expression of gluconeogenic genes in liver cells and reduced glucose output in primary hepatocytes. Therefore, GSK4112 is useful as a chemical tool to probe the function of Rev-erb in transcriptional repression, regulation of circadian biology, and metabolic pathways. Additionally, GSK4112 may serve as a starting point for design of Rev-erb chemical probes with in vivo pharmacologicalm activity.
Alkaline phosphatase is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters at basic pH values. Alkaline phosphatase can be used for molecular biology and enzyme immunoassay[1].
Trequinsin hydrochloride (HL 725) is an extremely potent inhibitor of platelet CAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), with an IC50 of 0.25 nM. Trequinsin hydrochloride (HL 725) is an extremely potent inhibitor of the aggregation of human platelets induced in vitro by ADP, collagen, thrombin and epinephrine[1][2][3].
β-Glucogallin is a potent and selective aldose reductase (AKR1B1) inhibitor. β-Glucogallin can be isolated from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis[1].
trans-trans-Muconic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled trans-trans-Muconic acid[1]. trans-trans-Muconic acid is a urinary metabolite of benzene and has been used as a biomarker of exposure to benzene in human[2].
L-Cysteine is a thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine.
Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride (compound 2-3) is a potent and orally active anti-fibrotic agent. Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride reduces significantly the liver fibrosis in DEN (diethyl nitrosamine) cirrhotic rat model. Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride can be used for the research of fibrosis, cancer, autophagy and cathepsins B (CTSB), L (CTSL) and D (CTSD) related diseases [1].
GRPP (human) is a 30 amino acid Gcg-derived peptide. GRPP (human) causes slight increases in plasma insulin and decreases in plasma glucagon. GRPP (human) does not affect insulin secretion in rat islets[1].
Chrysoeriol, a natural flavonoid extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus, exhibits potent antioxidant activity. Chrysoeriol shows significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation[1].
FBPase-IN-2 (HS36) is a potent Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) covalent inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.15 μM. FBPase-IN-2 reduces glucose production in hepatocytes. FBPase-IN-2 can be used for type 2 diabetes mellitus research[1].
ML 10302 hydrochloride is a potent and selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist, with an EC50 of 4 nM。ML 10302 hydrochloride displays more than 680-fold selectivity over 5-HT3 receptor in binding assay[1][2].