Ro 04-6790 is a potent, competitive and selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with pKi values of 7.26, 7.35 for rat and human 5-HT6 receptors, respectively. Ro 04-6790 has no affinity at other receptors[1].
5-HT2 antagonist 1 is a potent antagonist of 5-HT2 receptor, with weak α1 adrenoceptor blocking activity.
Bromperidol is a butyrophenone derivative, is a potent and long-acting neuroleptic, used as an antipsychotic in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Alosetron is a Serotonin 5HT3-receptor antagonist that is used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.IC50 Value: N/ATarget: 5-HT ReceptorAlosetron has an antagonist action on the 5-HT3 receptors of the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. While being a 5-HT3 antagonist like ondansetron, it is not classified or approved as an antiemetic. Since stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors is positively correlated with gastrointestinal motility, alosetron's 5-HT3 antagonism slows the movement of fecal matter through the large intestine, increasing the extent to which water is absorbed, and decreasing the moisture and volume of the remaining waste products. From Wikipedia.
Clocapramine is an antagonist of the D2, 5-HT2A receptors.
Indeloxazine hydrochloride is a 5-HT receptor and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor. Indeloxazine hydrochloride is an antidepressant and cerebral activator[1].
Spiramide (AMI-193) is a potent and selective antagonist of 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptor, with Kis of 2 nM and 3 nM, respectively. Spiramide has >2000-fold selectivity for 5-HT2 versus 5-HT1C (Ki=4300 nM) receptors. Spiramide exhibits antipsychotic activity[1][2][3].
(+)-Norfenfluramine hydrochloride, a major hepatic metabolite of (+)-fenfluramine, is a selective 5-HT2B receptor agonist (Ki: 11.2 nM). (+)-Norfenfluramine hydrochloride potently stimulates the hydrolysis of inositol phosphates and increases intracellular Ca2+. (+)-Norfenfluramine hydrochloride can be used for the research of primary pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease[1].
H-9 Dihydrochloride is a PKA (protein kinase) inhibitor. H-9 Dihydrochloride (10 μM) significantly reduces the excitatory response to 5-HT. H-9 Dihydrochloride also has a direct effect on pharyngeal activity. H-9 Dihydrochloride inhibits signal-transduction and cell growth in EGF (epidermal growth factor)-dependent epithelial cell lines[1][2][3].
Ecopipam (SCH 39166) hydrochloride is a potent, selective and orally active antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with Kis of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Ecopipam hydrochloride shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (Ki=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). Ecopipam hydrochloride can be used for the research of schizophrenia, cocaine addition, and obesity[1][3].
SB271046 Hcl is a potent, selective and orally active 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with pKi of 8.9.IC50 Value: 8.9(pKi)Target: 5-HT6 Receptorin vitro: SB 271046 hydrochloride is a sulfonamidal benzothiophene derivative that has been shown to act as a selective 5-HT6 antagonist with pKi values of 9.02-8.92, 6.55, 6.35, 6.27, 6.05, 5.95, 5.76, 5.73, 5.62, 5.55, 5.41, 5.39, 5.27 and < 4.99 for 5-HT6, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1A, D3, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1F, α1B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A, D2, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7, 5-HT4 and 5-HT1E respectively, and is > 200-fold selective over 55 other receptors, enzymes and ion channels.in vivo: SB-271046 is moderately brain penetrant (10%), subject to low blood clearance (7.7 mL/min/kg) with a good half-life in rats (4.8 hours), and has excellent oral bioavailability (>80%). SB-271046 produces 3-fold and 2-fold increases in extracellular glutamate levels in both frontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus of rats, respectively, which may be used for the treatment of cognitive and memory dysfunction. SB-271046 (20 mg/kg, orally gavage) 30 min prior to training Wistar rats, is found to reverse significantly the amnesia produced by administering scopolamine (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) in the 6 hours post-training period. SB-271046 progressively and significantly decreases platform swim angle and escape latencies over the five sequential trials on four consecutive daily sessions compared to vehicle-treated controls in aged rats. SB-271046 also improves task recall as measured by significant increases in the searching of the target quadrant on post-training days 1 and 3. SB-271046 (10 mg/kg, s.c.) produces a significant, tetrodotoxin-dependent, increase in extracellular levels of both glutamate and aspartate within the frontal cortex of rats, reaching maximum values of 375.4% and 215.3% of preinjection values, respectively.
(S)-Amisulpride (Esamisulpride) is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist. (S)-Amisulpride is an antagonist at the 5-HT7 receptor with a KI of 900 nM. (S)-Amisulpride has antipsychotic and antidepressant effects[1][2].
ML 10302 is a potent agonist 5-HT4 receptor with Ki of 1.07 nM. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT4) receptor agonists stimulate gut motility through cholinergic pathways. ML10302 induces significant prokinesia both in the small bowel and colon through activation of cholinergic pathways. ML 10302 also has the potential for the research of neurology diseases[1].
MK-212 (CPP) monohydrochloride is a centrally acting 5-HT1C/5-HT2 agonist. MK-212 monohydrochloride can stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cerebral cortex[1].
Loxapine Succinate is a D2DR and D4DR inhibitor, serotonergic receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent.IC50 value: Target: D2DR/D4DR; 5-HT receptorin vitro: In the presence of Loxapine, [3H]ketanserin binds to 5-HT2 receptor in Frontal cortex of brain in human and bovine with ki value of 6.2 nM and 6.6 nM, respectively. Loxapine has the rank order of potency for the various receptors appears to be as follows:5-HT2≥D4>>>D1>D2 in comparing competition experiments involving the human membranes [1]. Loxapine 0.2 μM, 2 μM and 20 μM reduces IL-1beta secretion by LPS-activated mixed glia cultures after 1 and 3 days of exposure. Loxapine in concentrations of 0.2 μM, 2 μM and 20 μM reduces IL-2 secretion in mixed glia cultures after 1 and 3 days of exposure, and additionally Loxapine decreases IL-1beta and IL-2 secretion in LPS-induced microglia cultures in concentrations of 2 μM, 10 μM and 20 μM [2].in vivo: Loxapine (5 mg/kg) induces a very significant reduction (more than 50%) of serotonin (S2) receptor density after 4 weeks or 10 weeks of daily injection in the rat. Loxapine (5 mg/kg) does not change dopamine receptor density but greatly reduces serotonin receptor density by 47% in the brain of rats [3].
DSP-1053 is a novel potent serotonin reuptake (SERT) inhibitor with 5-HT1A partial agonistic activity that binds to human serotonin transporter and 5-HT1A receptor with Ki of 1.02 and 5.05 nM, respectively; inhibits serotonin transporter with IC50 of 2.74 nM and shows an intrinsic activity for 5-HT1A receptors of 70.0%; dose-dependently increases extracellular 5-HT levels in rat microdialysis at 3-10 mg/kg, demonstrates antidepressant-like effect in vivo. Depression Phase 1 Discontinued
TMPPAA is an allosteric agonist and positive allosteric modulator of the 5-HT3 receptor. TMPPAA enhances 5-HT-mediated 5-HT3AR signaling[1].
Sumatriptan succinate (GR 43175) is a serotonin1 (5-HT1) receptor agonist, which is effective in the acute treatment of migraine headache.Target: 5-HT 1d receptor agonistSumatriptan succinate is a serotonin1 (5-HT1) receptor agonist, which is effective in the acute treatment of migraine headache. Its antimigraine activity is believed to derive from selective vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels which are dilated and distended during migraine headache and/or from inhibition of neurogenically mediated inflammation in the dura mater [1].For sumatriptan succinate 50 mg versus placebo the NNTs were 6.1, 7.5, and 4.0 for pain-free at two hours and headache relief at one and two hours, respectively. NNTs for sustained pain-free and sustained headache relief during the 24 hours postdose were 9.5 and 6.0, respectively [2]. Difference in time-weighted (0-2.5 h) mean arterial pressure MAP (90% confidence interval) was 1.2 mmHg (-0.2, 2.7) between telcagepant and placebo, 4.0 mmHg (2.5, 5.5) between sumatriptan succinate and placebo, and 1.5 mmHg (0.0, 3.0) between telcagepant with sumatriptan succinate vs sumatriptan succinate alone. When coadministered with telcagepant, the AUC0-6h and C(max) of sumatriptan succinate were increased by 23% and 24%, respectively. The small MAP increases observed after coadministration could possibly be associated with the slight elevations in sumatriptan succinate levels [3].Clinical indications: Cluster headache; MigraineToxicity: Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, tremor, paralysis, inactivity, ptosis, erythema of the extremities, abnormal respiration, cyanosis, ataxia, mydriasis, salivation, and lacrimation
Tropisetron(SDZ-ICS 930) is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor agonist with an IC50 of 70.1 ± 0.9 nM for 5-HT3 receptor. IC50 value: 70.1 ± 0.9 nM [1]Target: 5-HT3 receptorin vitro: Tropisetron specifically inhibited both IL-2 gene transcription and IL-2 synthesis in stimulated T cells. tropisetron inhibited both the binding to DNA and the transcriptional activity of NFAT and AP-1. We also observed that tropisetron is a potent inhibitor of PMA plus ionomycin-induced NF-(kappa)B activation but in contrast TNF(alpha)-mediated NF-(kappa)B activation was not affected by this antagonist [2]. Tropisetron prevents the phosphorylation and thus activation of the p38 MAPK, which is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of various cytokines [3].in vivo: Two different doses of tropisetron (5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before pMCAO. Neurological deficit scores, mortality rate and infarct volume were determined 24 h after permanent focal cerebral ischemia [4].
Geissoschizine methyl ether, a major indole alkaloid found in Uncaria hook, is a major active component of Yokukansan with psychotropic effects. Geissoschizine methyl ether is potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist[1][2].
Pimavanserin tartrate (ACP-103) is a potent 5-HT 2A receptor inverse agonist with pIC50 and pKi of 8.73 and 9.3, respectively.
S-15535 is a highly selective 5-HT1A receptor ligand. S-15535 is an antagonist of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors and an agonist of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. S-15535 can be used in research on psychiatric disorders, such as anti-anxiety[1].
p-MPPI hydrochloride is a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist with high affinity for 5-HT1A receptors. p-MPPI hydrochloride can crosses the blood-brain barrier, and has clear antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects[1][2].
Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) is a phenolic compound present in several plants with claimed beneficial effects in prevention and treatment of disorders linked to oxidative stress and inflammation.IC50 value:Target: 5-HT ReceptorIn vitro: In the present study we have showed that pre-treatment with Ferulic Acid (FA) reduces NO accumulation in the culture medium of LPS-induced macrophage cells. Moreover, real-time experiments have revealed that FA has an inhibitory effect at the transcriptional level on the expression of some inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS and an activation effect on the expression of some antioxidant molecules such as Metallothioneins (MT-1, MT-2). Importantly, we have found that FA reduced the translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) into the nuclei through a reduction of the expression of phosphorylated IKK and consequently inhibited IL-6 and NF-κB promoter activity in a luciferase assay [1]. FA treatment significantly, although not completely, protected the cells against lead acetate-induced neurite outgrowth inhibition. The effects of FA could be blocked by PD98059, zinc protoporphyrin (Zn-PP), and Nrf2 shRNA. In addition, FA induced heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene expression, enhanced antioxidant response element (ARE) promoter activity, promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and Nrf2 translocation in PC12 cells exposed to lead acetate. ERK1/2 locate upstream of Nrf2 and regulate Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression in antioxidative effects of FA [2].In vivo: We aimed to verify the possible antidepressant-like effect of acute oral administration of Ferulic acid produced an antidepressant-like effect in the FST and TST (0.01–10 mg/kg, p.o.), without ccompanying changes in ambulation. The pretreatment of mice with WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., a selective 5-HT1A receptor ntagonist) or ketanserin (5 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT2A receptor ntagonist) was able to reverse the anti-immobility effect of ferulicacid (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.) in the TST. The combination of fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, p.o.), paroxetine (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) or sertraline (1 mg/kg, p.o.) with a sub-effective dose of ferulic acid (0.001 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect in the TST, without causing hyperlocomotion in the open-field test. ferulic acid in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice [3].
Risperidone is a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor blocker, P-Glycoprotein inhibitor and potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, with Kis of 4.8, 5.9 nM for 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptor, respectively.
Cinanserin hydrochloride (SQ 10643) is a potent, selective and highly affinity 5-HT2 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 41 nM. Cinanserin hydrochloride has a much higher binding affinity for the 5-HT2 than for the 5-HT1 receptor (Ki of 3500 nM). Cinanserin is also an inhibitor of 3C-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and strongly reduces virus replication in vitro[1][2][3].
5HT6-ligand-1 is a potent 5-HT6 receptor ligand with a Ki of 1.43 nM.
Ondansetron-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled.
(S)-PNU-282987 hydrochloride is an isoform of PNU-282987 (HY-12560). PNU-282987 (free base) is a potent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist with an EC50 of 154 nM. PNU-282987 (free base) is also a functional antagonist of the 5-HT3 receptor with an IC50 of 4541 nM. PNU-282987 (free base) can be used for the research of central and peripheral nervous systems[1].
Lauroscholtzine (N-Methyllaurotetanine), a natural alkaloid, is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist[1].