M1/M4 muscarinic agonist 3 (compound 44) is a muscarinic mAChR M1/M4 agonist with EC50s of 31 nM and 9.3 nM, respectively[1].
(-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist.
Repinotan (BAY x 3702 free base) is a potent, selective, brain-penetrant and orally active 5-HT1A receptor agonist, with Ki values of 0.19 nM (calf hippocampus), 0.25 nM (rat and human cortex), and 0.59 nM (rat hippocampus). Repinotan has a weak affinity for other related receptors. Repinotan has pronounced neuroprotective effects[1].
Masupirdine free base (SUVN-502 free base) is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain penetrant 5-HT6 receptor antagonist (Ki of 2.04 nM for human 5-HT6 receptor). Masupirdine free base (SUVN-502 free base) shows high selectivity over 5-HT2A receptor and other 100 target sites, and has potential for treatment of Alzheimer's disease[1].
Aptiganel (CNS 1102 (free base)), peptide, is a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist with cerebroprotective effects. Aptiganel can be used for the research of stroke[1].
Autocamtide-3, a 13-amino-acid peptide containing Thr287, is a selective CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) (CaMK) substrate[1].
CGP52432 is a GABAB receptor antagonist, with an IC50 of 85 nM.
Parapenzolate bromide, an antispasmodic, is an orally active mAChR antagonist. Parapenzolate bromide is an anticholinergic agent[1][2].
MIN-101 is a novel cyclic amide derivative that has high equipotent affinities for 5-HT2A and sigma-2 receptors (Ki of 7.53 nM and 8.19 nM for 5-HT2A and sigma-2, respectively).
Remacemide hydrochloride (FPL 12924AA), a moderate inhibitor of the Na+ channel, is a weak uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist with IC50s of 68 μM and 76 μM for MK-801 binding and NMDA currents, respectively[1]. Remacemide hydrochloride is an anticonvulsant agent[2].
3-Pyr-Cytisine (3-Pyr-Cyt) is a cytisine derivative. 3-Pyr-Cytisine is a very weak α4β2 nAChR partial agonist that has been studied as an antidepressant[1].
IDRA 21 is a positive and orally active modulator of the AMPA receptor. IDRA 21 facilitates excitatory neurotransmission via GluR1/2 receptors. IDRA 21 has the potential for the research of cognitive/memory disorders, including those associated with aging[1].
Irsogladine is a PDE4 inhibitor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binder.Target: PDE4; mACHRIrsogladine treatment (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of angiogenesis in wild-type mice by 21 and 45.3% (P < 0.02, P < 0.001), in tPA-deficient mice by 42.6 and 46% (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and in uPA-deficient mice by 27.2 and 46% (P < 0.05, p < 0.001), respectively. Irsogladine inhibits bFGF-induced angiogenesis in wild-type, tPA-knockout, and uPA-knockout mice [1]. Irsogladine up-regulates GJIC between PC cells via regulation of the PKA pathway. It also suggests a useful adjuvant of Irsogladine to pancreatic cancer therapy [2]. irsogladine produces the increase of intracellular cAMP content via non-selective inhibition of PDE isozymes, which may be a key mechanism involved in its gastroprotective actions [3].
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor-d4 is the deuterium labeled 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor[1].
Biotin-Substance P is the biotin tagged Substance P. Substance P (Neurokinin P) is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator in the CNS. The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R)[1].
Alvimopan monohydrate is a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor (PAM-OR, IC50= 1.7 nM) antagonist for accelerating gastrointestinal recovery after surgery. IC50 Value: 1.7 nM (Mu-type opioid receptor) [1]in vitro: The dissociation rate of alvimopan from the micro opioid receptor (t(1/2)=30--44 min) was comparable to that of the long acting partial agonist buprenorphine (t(1/2)=44 min), but was slower than those of the antagonists naloxone (t(1/2)=0.82 min) and N-methylnaltrexone (t(1/2)=0.46 min) [2].in vivo: Alvimopan did not significantly accelerate GI-3 compared with placebo [6 mg: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20, p = 0.080; 12 mg: HR = 1.24, p = 0.038). However, after adjustment for significant covariates (sex/surgical duration), benefits were significant for both doses (6 mg: HR = 1.24, p = 0.037; 12 mg: HR = 1.26, p = 0.028). Alvimopan also significantly accelerated time to GI-2 (6 mg: HR = 1.37, p = 0.008; 12 mg: HR = 1.33, p = 0.018) and DCO (6 mg: HR = 1.31, p = 0.008; 12 mg: HR = 1.28, p = 0.015) [3]. Alvimopan (1 and 3 mg/kg) significantly reversed this delayed GI transit when administered 45 min prior to surgery. However, the effects of alvimopan were less pronounced when administered following surgery [4].Toxicity:The most common treatment-emergent adverse events across all treatment groups were nausea, vomiting, and hypotension; the incidence of nausea and vomiting was reduced by 53 percent in thealvimopan 12-mg group [5].Clinical trial: Intercostal Nerve Block With Liposome Bupivacaine in Subjects Undergoing Posterolateral Thoracotomy. Phase 3
SSAO inhibitor-2 (Compound 1) is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) inhibitor with IC50s of <10 nM, and 10-100 μM for human SSAO and MAO-A, respectively. SSAO inhibitor-3 can be used for the research of atherosclerosis, diabetes and its complications, obesity, stroke, chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, etc[1].
6'-GNTI dihydrochloride, a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, displays bias toward the activation of G protein-mediated signaling over β-arrestin2 recruitment. 6'-GNTI 6'-GNTI dihydrochloride only activates the Akt pathway in striatal neurons[1].
SSAO inhibitor-1 is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) inhibitor. SSAO inhibitor-1 has anti-inflammatory activity and can be used for liver diseases research[1].
Isograndifoliol is a selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with an IC50 value of 0.9 μM. And Isograndifoliol moderately inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 342.9 μM. Isograndifoliol also has vasorelaxant effect and anti-tumor effect. Isograndifoliol can be used for research against dementia caused by neurodegenerative diseases[1][2][3].
Agmatine sulfate exerts modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, such as neurotransmitter systems, ion channels and nitric oxide synthesis. It is an endogenous agonist at imidazoline receptor and a NO synthase inhibitor.
Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH) is a mixed agonist/antagonist. Naloxone benzoylhydrazone is a prototypic κ3-opioid receptor agonist, and a partial agonist at the cloned μ and δ opioid receptors, and an antagonist at opioid-like NOP receptors. Naloxone benzoylhydrazone has potently analgesia effect[1][2][3].
Paroxetine maleate is a potent and selective inhibitor of SSRI. Paroxetine maleate is used in generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and chronic headache research[1].
GSK163090 is a potent, selective, and orally active 5-HT1A/B/D receptor antagonist with pKi of 9.4/8.5/9.7, and 6.3/6.7 for 5-HT1A/B/D, and dopamine D2/D3, respectively.IC50 value: 9.4/8.5/9.7 (pKi) [1]Target: 5-HT in vitro: GSK163090 demonstrates clear dose-dependent inhibition of the 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperlocomotor activity (hLMA), with ED50 values ranging from 0.03 to 1 mg/kg. GSK163090 was devoid of agonist activity at R1 receptors, but rather it demonstrated amoderate functional antagonismof the phenylephrineinduced contraction of rabbit aorta (pIC50=6.9). [1]in vivo: Fromamong these analogues, the cyclic urea derivative, GSK163090, emerged due to its low hERG affinity and excellent in vitro DMPK profile. The superior quality of GSK163090 was further highlighted by its commendable in vivo pharmacokineticprofile in rat and its outstanding activity in the 5-HT1A PD model, where 50% efficacy was achieved at a blood concentration of 3 ng/mL. On the basis of these results and its promising preclinical developability profile, GSK163090 was selected as an appropriate development candidate for progression toward clinical proof-of-concept studies. [1]
[DAla2, DArg6] Dynorphin A, (1-13) (porcine) (DADAD) is an opioid peptide (dynorphinl-13, DYN) derivative found in porcine pituitary extracts. DYN is highly potent at the peripheral opioid receptors GPI and MVD, but is readily and rapidly degraded in vivo. [DAla2, DArg6] Dynorphin A, (1-13) (porcine) has some resistance to enzymatic cleavage and prevents peptide cleavage by enzymes[1].
Pentiapine is a novel dopamine release inhibitor.
Transcrocetinate disodium, extracted from saffron (Crocus sativus L.), acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist with high affinity.
O-Desmethyl Galanthamine (Sanguinine) is galanthamine-type alkaloid. O-Desmethyl Galanthamine is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 1.83 μM[1].
Substance P (4-11), the C-terminus fragment of Substance P (Substance P (HY-P0201)), is a Substance P agonist that shows highly selective for NK1 receptors[1][2].
Osemozotan hydrochloride (MKC242) is a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Osemozotan hydrochloride decreases the number of c-Fos-positive cells caused by MAMP in mice. Osemozotan hydrochloride can be used for the research of depressive disorder[1][2].