VU0652957 (VU2957, Valiglurax) is a potent, selective mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with EC50 of 64.6 nM in calcium mobilization human mGlu4/Gqi5 assays; showes excellent pharmacokinetics across species (low CLps, %F > 35%), an acceptable CYP profile (>30 uM vs. 3A4, 2D6 and 2C9, 12.5 uM vs. 2C19 and 1.5 uM vs. 1A2), no CYP induction or timedependent inhibition and excellent metabolite coverage across species; also shows attractive predicted human PK parameters (CLps 5-9 mL/min/kg, Vds 1-2 L/kg and t1/2 2-4 hours).
mGluR5 modulator 1 is a mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator. mGluR5 modulator 1 can be used for the research of the schizophrenia and cognitive impairments[1].
VU0404251 is a highly potent positive allosteric modulator of mGlu for the study of psychosis[1].
VU0469650 is a potent, selective and CNS-penetrated negative allosteric modulator of mGlu1 receptor, with an IC50 of 99 nM[1].
(1S,3R)-ACPD is a mGluR agonist that can depolarize pyramidal cells[1].
LY2794193 is a highly potent and selective mGlu3 receptor agonist (hmGlu3 Ki=0.927 nM，EC50=0.47 nM; hmGlu2 Ki=412 nM，EC50=47.5 nM)[1].
4-Deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate is a Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate analogue and a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) inhibitor. 4-Deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate inhibits ornithine decarboxylase activity with a Ki of 60 μM. 4-Deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of the activation of glutamate apodecarboxylase by Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (Ki of 0.27 μM) and strongly inhibits glutamate-dependent labeling of glutamate decarboxylase[1][2][3].
VU 0360223 is a potent metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) negative allosteric modulator with an IC50 of 61 nM[1].
Desmethyl-YM-298198 hydrochloride is a high-affinity, selective, and noncompetitive mGluR1 antagonist (IC50: 16 nM). Desmethyl-YM-298198 hydrochloride has analgesic effect in Streptozotocin (HY-13753)-induced hyperalgesic mice[1].
AZD8529 is a novel potent, selective mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator with EC50 of 195 nM, does not produce any positive allosteric modulator responses for mGluR1 and 3-8 subtypes; potentiates agonist-induced activation of mGluR2 in the membrane-binding assay and in primate cortex, hippocampus and striatum; decreases nicotine self-administration at doses (0.3-3 mg/kg) in monkeys, also reduces nicotine priming- and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking, decreases nicotine-induced accumbens dopamine release in rats. Schizophrenia Phase 2 Discontinued
L-AP4 (L-APB) monohydrate is a potent and specific agonist for the group III mGluRs, with EC50s of 0.13, 0.29, 1.0, 249 μM for mGlu4, mGlu8, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors, respectively[1][2].
FTIDC is an orally active, noncompetitive, selective allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1 antagonist with an IC50 of 5.8 nM for human mGluR1a. FTIDC has no species differences in its antagonistic activity on recombinant human, mouse, and rat mGluR1[1].
Cinnabarinic acid is a specific orthosteric agonist of mGlu4 by interacting with residues of the glutamate binding pocket of mGlu4, has no activity at other mGlu receptors. Cinnabarinic acid is an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan. Cinnabarinic acid induces cell apoptosis[1].
VU0364289 is a highly selective mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) (binds to the MPEP (HY-14609A) site), with an EC50 of 1.6 µM. VU0364289 can reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in a dose-dependent manner, which can be used for schizophrenia and other psychiatric research[1][2][3].
Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that antagonizes GluR5 receptors and acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor-mediated currents.Target: GluR5 receptor; GABA receptorTopiramate (Topamax) is a structurally novel broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) with established efficacy as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of adult and paediatric patients with generalised tonic-clonic seizures, partial seizures with or without generalised seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome [1]. topiramate has been believed to be a type of antiepileptic drug that blocks spread of seizures. Thus far, the mechanisms of its actions have been proven to include use-dependent inhibition of voltage-dependent Na+ channels in neurons, potentiation of GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)-induced Cl- influx, and inhibitory effects on inward currents by antagonizing kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors [2].Topiramate (median average dosage 5.1 mg/kg/day) was also found to be useful as adjunctive therapy in the management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and significantly reduced the mean frequency of drop attacks by 14.8% compared with an increase of 5.1% with placebo. Further gains in seizure control were made in a nonblind extension of this trial where the mean topiramate dosage was 10 mg/kg/day. Nine of 11 patients in 1 pilot trial of children with otherwise intractable West syndrome, and 5 of 10 in another, achieved a > or =50% reduction in seizure rate with topiramate (target dosage up to 24 mg/kg/day) [3].Clinical indications: Epilepsy; Lennox Gastaut syndrome; Migraine; Seizure disorder Toxicity:abdominal pain; agitation; blurred vision; convulsions; depression; dizziness; double vision; drowsiness; impaired coordination; impaired mental activity; low blood pressure; reduced consciousness; severe diarrhea; sluggishness and speech problems.
HTL14242 (HTL0014242) is an advanced, orally active and potent mGlu5 NAM with a pKi and pIC50 value of 9.3 and 9.2, respectively[1]. HTL14242 can be used for the study of Parkinson’s disease[2].
CHPG sodium salt is a selective mGluR5 agonist, and attenuates SO2-induced oxidative stress and inflammation through TSG-6/NF-κB pathway in BV2 microglial cells[1]. CHPG sodium salt protects against traumatic brain injury (TBI) in vitro and in vivo by activation of the ERK and Akt signaling pathways.[2].
AMN082, a selective, orally active, and brain penetrant mGluR7 agonist, directly activates receptor signaling via an allosteric site in the transmembrane domain. AMN082 potently inhibits cAMP accumulation and stimulates GTPγS binding (EC50 values, 64-290 nM) at transfected mammalian cells expressing mGluR7. AMN082 shows selectivity over other mGluR subtypes and selected ionotropic glutamate receptors. Antidepressant effects[1][2].
LY404039 is an inhibitor for mGluR1(Ki=149 nM) and mGluR2(Ki= 92 nM), which can also inhibit dopamine receptor.IC50 Value:149 nM(Ki for mGlu2); 92 nM(Ki for mGlu3)[1]Target: mGluR1; mGluR2Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been shown to mediate a number of behaviors including emotionality and responsivity to stress as demonstrated by efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies.in vitro: Similar to LY354740, LY404039 is a nanomolar potent agonist at recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors (K(i) = 149 and 92, respectively) and in rat neurons expressing native mGlu2/3 receptors (Ki = 88). LY404039 is highly selective for mGlu2/3 receptors, showing more than 100-fold selectivity for these receptors, versus ionotropic glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters, and other receptors targeted by known anxiolytic and antipsychotic medications[1].in vivo: LY404039 attenuated amphetamine- and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion (3-30 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). LY404039 (3-10 mg/kg) inhibited conditioned avoidance responding. LY404039 also reduced fear-potentiated startle in rats (3-30 microg/kg) and marble burying in mice (3-10 mg/kg), indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Importantly, LY404039 did not produce sedative effects or motor impairment as measured by rotarod performance and lack of escape failures in the conditioned avoidance task (at doses up to 30 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). LY404039 (10 mg/kg) also increased dopamine and serotonin release/turnover in the prefrontal cortex [3].Clinical trial: An Absolute Bioavailability Study of LY-2140023 and LY-404039 in Healthy Subjects Using the Intravenous Tracer Method. Phage1
A potent and selective, CNS penetrant mGlu3 negative allosteric modulator with IC50 of 245 nM; show no inhibition for mGlu2 (IC50>30 uM); displays improved physiochemical properties and in vivo efficacy in a mouse tail suspension test (MED = 3 mg/kg i.p.).
ACDPP is a specific mGluR5 antagonist. ACDPP partially bolcks the increase of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) caused by DHPG (HY-12598A) (group I mGluR Agonist)[1].
L-Glutamine-15N-1 (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide-15N-1) is the 15N-labeled L-Glutamine. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2].
Fenobam is a selective, orally active, and non-competitive mGluR5 antagonist acting at an allosteric modulatory site (Kd values are 54 and 31 nM for rat and human recombinant mGlu5 receptors, respectively). Fenobam displays inverse agonist activity which blocks the mGlu5 receptor basal activity with an IC50 of 84 nM. Fenobam exerts anxiolytic activity[1][2].
L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.
Basimglurant (RG7090) is a potent, selective and orally available mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator with a Kd of 1.1 nM.
Talaglumetad hydrochloride is a prodrug of thetype II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2/3) agonist Eglumegad for the treatment of anxiety.
A novel potent, selective mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator with EC50 of 199 and 206 nM for human and rat mGlu2, respectively, without exerting agonist activity; has negligible activities for other mGlu receptors, including mGlu3 receptor; potentiates the mGlu2 receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release, inhibits both MK-801- and ketamine-increased cortical γ band oscillation in the rat cortical electroencephalogram; significantly inhibits both ketamine- and methamphetamine-increased locomotor activities in mice.
CPPG ((RS)-CPPG) is a potent group II/III mGlu receptor antagonist. CPPG exhibits some selectivity (approximately 20 fold) for group III (IC50=2.2 nM) over group II (IC50=46.2 nM) mGlu receptors in the rat cerebral cortex. CPPG has weak effects at group I mGlu receptors[1].
JNJ-40411813 is a novel positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic Glutamate 2 receptor (mGlu2R) with EC50 of 147 nM.IC50 value: 147 nM(EC50)Target: mGlu2RJNJ-40411813 displayed an optimal interplay between potency, selectivity, favorable ADMET/PK and cardiovascular safety profile, and central EEG activity. JNJ-40411813 has been investigated in the clinic for schizophrenia and anxious depression disorders.
Ro 67-4853 is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGluR1 (pEC50=7.16 for rmGlu1a receptor). Ro67-4853 exhibits activity at all group I mGlu receptors including hmGlu1, rmGlu1, and rmGlu5. Ro 67-4853 enhances the potency of L-Glu by interacting with the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the receptor. Ro 67-4853 potentiates sensory synaptic responses to repetitive vibrissa stimulation[1][2][3][4].