3-Hydroxyxanthone (3-Hydroxy-xanthen-9-one) is a xanthone compound, with . 3-Hydroxyxanthone inhibits NADPH-catalysed lipid peroxidation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). 3-Hydroxyxanthone also inhibits TNF-alpha induced ICAM-1 expression[1].
XVA143, an α/β I-like allosteric antagonist, inhibits LFA-1 dependent firm adhesion, while at the same time it enhances adhesion in shear flow and rolling both in vitro and in vivo[1].
Cyclo(RGDyK) trifluoroacetate is a potent and selective αVβ3 integrin inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM.
Cilengitide is a potent and selective integrin inhibitor for αvβ3 and αvβ5 receptor, with IC50s of 4 and 79 nM, respectively.
Bersanlimab (BI-505) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that targets intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 or CD54). Bersanlimab has anticancer effects[1].
3-(3-Phenoxybenzyl)amino-β-carboline is a potent tubulin inhibitor. 3-(3-Phenoxybenzyl)amino-β-carboline promotes selective degradation of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. 3-(3-Phenoxybenzyl)amino-β-carboline induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. 3-(3-Phenoxybenzyl)amino-β-carboline exhibits anticancer activity[1].
Mps1-IN-2 is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive dual Mps1/Plk1 inhibitor, with an IC50 and a Kd of 145 nM and 12 nM for Mps1 and a Kd of 61 nM for Plk1.
Davunetide is an eight amino acid snippet derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a neurotrophic factor that exists in the mammalian CNS. Davunetide possesses neuroprotective, neurotrophic and cognitive protective roperties. Davunetide, a microtubule-stabilizing peptide, interacts with and stabilises neuron-specific βIII-tubulin in vitro. Davunetide penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is non-toxic. Davunetide inhibits Aβ aggregation and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity[1][2][3].
Microtubule inhibitor 6 (compound 17o) is a potent microtubule inhibitor. Microtubule inhibitor 6 shows cytotoxicity with IC50s of 14.0, 6.6, 7.0 nM for NCI-H460, BxPC-3, HT-29 cells, respectively. Microtubule inhibitor 6 efficiently inhibits microtubule polymerization[1].
Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), a derivative of podophyllotoxin, is a lignan with potent antimitotic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties isolated from rhizomes of Sinopodophullumhexandrum (Berberidaceae). Deoxypodophyllotoxin, targets the microtubule, has a major impact in oncology not only as anti-mitotics but also as potent inhibitors of angiogenesis[1]. Deoxypodophyllotoxin induces cell autophagy and apoptosis[2]. Deoxypodophyllotoxin evokes increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in DRG neurons[3].
KX2-391 (dihydrochloride) is an inhibitor of Src that targets the peptide substrate site of Src, with GI50 of 9-60 nM in cancer cell lines.
Cyclo(-RGDfK) TFA is a potent and selective inhibitor of the αvβ3 integrin, with an IC50 of 0.94 nM[1]. Cyclo(-RGDfK) TFA potently targets tumor microvasculature and cancer cells through the specific binding to the αvβ3 integrin on the cell surface[3].
Ombrabulin is a derivative of CA-4 phosphate, which is known to exhibit antivascular effects through selective disruption of the tubulin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells.
Lexibulin(CYT-997) is a potent tubulin polymerisation inhibitor with IC50 of 10-100 nM in cancer cell lines; with potent cytotoxic and vascular disrupting activity in vitro and in vivo.IC50 value: 10-100 nM(cell assay) [1]Target: tubulin polymerisation inhibitor in vitro: CYT997 prevented the in vitro polymerization of tubulin with an IC50 of ～3 μmol/L (compared with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 2 μmol/L for colchicine under identical conditions) as determined using the conventional turbidimetric assay for tubulin polymerization. CYT997 was also capable of reversibly disrupting the microtubule network in cells, visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Thus, treatment of A549 cells with CYT997 (1 μmol/L) lead to the rapid reorganization of microtubules, including the destruction of the existing microtubule network and accumulation of tubulin in plaques within the cytoplasm of some cells. After 24 hours, major alterations in cell morphology were evident, including loss of adhesion and cell rounding. The effect of 1 hour of treatment with CYT997 was reversible and cells rapidly recovered their normal microtubule architecture. Taken together, the data indicates that CYT997 belongs to the class of anticancer agents that disrupt, rather than stabilize, tubulin-containing structures. Although vehicle-treated cells show 15% and 19% in G2-M phase at 15 and 24 hours (respectively), cells treated with CYT997 (1 μmol/L) had 38% and 43% of cells in G2-M at the same time points. Furthermore, at 24 hours post-CYT997 treatment, only 66% of total cells were in the G1, S, and G2-M phases, which suggests that cells blocked at the G2-M boundary do not exit back to G1, as in the normal cell cycle, but most likely are driven towards apoptosis and cell death [1]. Consistent with the disruption of cellular tubulin, CYT997 potently inhibits proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and most importantly apoptosis of both human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) and primary MM cells [2].in vivo: In a xenograft model using the human prostate cancer cell line PC3, oral dosing of CYT997 was initiated 13 days after cell implantation by which time palpable tumors were evident. A dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth was apparent with CYT997, which at the highest dose was equivalent to parenterally administered paclitaxel. A single dose of CYT997 (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) clearly decreased blood flow in liver metastases, and a significant reduction in blood flow was present 6 hours postdose [1]. CYT997 treatment (15 mg/kg/day) significantly prolongs the survival in a murine model of aggressive systemic myelomatosis [2].
5-Aminosalicylic acid-13C6 is the 13C labeled 5-Aminosalicylic Acid[1]. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine) acts as a specific PPARγ agonist and also inhibits p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and NF-κB[2][3][4].
Dimethylenastron is a potent Eg5 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 200 nM.
FRAX597 is a potent group I p21-activated Kinases (PAKs) inhibitor with IC50 of 8, 13 and 19 nM for PAK1, 2 and 3.
DM4-SPDP is a drug-linker conjugate composed of a potent antitubulin agent DM4 and a linker SMCC to make antibody drug conjugate[1]. SPDP is a short-chain crosslinker for amine-to-sulfhydryl conjugation via NHS-ester and pyridyldithiol reactive groups that form cleavable (reducible) disulfide bonds with cysteine sulfhydryls[2][3].
Moroidin (1) is a bicyclic octapeptide belonging to the Urticaceae-type cyclopeptide family. Moroidin (1) has a potent inhibitory effect on purified tubulin polymerization. Moroidin (1) has cytotoxic effects for several cancer cells, and can induce apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells[1].
Compounds 17O (ic50= 14.0 nm, NCI-H460) and 17p (ic50= 2.9 nm, NCI-H460) and furan groups showed effective cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines at the nanomolar level.
Tubulin inhibitor 6 (Compound 14b) is a tubulin inhibitor and a potent inhibitor of multiple cancer cell lines. Tubulin inhibitor 6 inhibits tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 0.87 μM. Tubulin inhibitor 6 inhibits K562 cell growth with an IC50 of 840 nM[1].
Maytansinol inhibits microtubule assembly and induces microtubule disassembly in vitro.Target: Microtubule/Tubulinin vitro: Maytansinol disrupts the mitotic spindle and prevents mitotic exit in Drosophila. Maytansinol reduces the growth and/or survival of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner and that the effect was more severe for p53+/+ than for p53-/- cells at both low and high doses. Maytansinol inhibits the growth of HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Maytansinol induces apoptosis in imaginal discs of wild-type larvae but not p53 mutant larvae. This parallels the finding in human HCT116 cells, in which Maytansinol was more effective when p53 was present, at least at some doses. Maytansinol induces apoptosis in imaginal discs of wild-type larvae but not p53 mutant larvae at 24 hours after exposure to drug.
MC-betaglucuronide-MMAE-1 is a drug-linker conjugate for ADC with potent antitumor activity by using MMAE (a tubulin polymerization inhibitor), linked via the cleavable ADC linker MC-betaglucuronide.
isoCA-4, a Combretastatin A4 derivative, is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. isoCA-4 has anti-proliferative activities[1].
LDV, a non-fluorescent derivative of LDV FITC, is a α4β1 integrin (VLA-4) ligand (Kd ~ 12 nM).
Curvulin, isolated from Curvularia lunata, is a phytotoxin[1]. Curvularin is reported to inhibit microtubule assembly and has also been shown to inhibit iNOS expression.
Natalizumab is a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody, binds to α4β1-integrin and blocks its interaction with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Natalizumab can be used for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. Natalizumab is also the first targeted therapy which blocks an essential mechanism for lymphocyte entry to the CNS and thus prevents acute demyelinating relapses[1].
MMAF (Monomethylauristatin F) is an antitubulin agent that inhibit cell division; inhibits H3397 cell growth with an IC50 of 105 nM.
PAK1-IN-1 is a potent and selective PAK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 9.8 nM. PAK1-IN-1 inhibits the migration and invasion of PAK1-related tumour cells in a dose-dependent manner[1].
Lifitegrast is an integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) antagonist; inhibits Jurkat T cell attachment to ICAM-1 with an IC50 of 2.98 nM.