Chemsrc provides Signaling Pathways's classification. They are divided into Anti-infection, Antibody-drug Conjugate, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle/DNA Damage, Cytoskeleton, Epigenetics, GPCR/G Protein, Immunology/Inflammation, JAK/STAT Signaling, MAPK/ERK Pathway, Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel, Metabolic Enzyme/Protease, Neuronal Signaling, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, PROTAC, Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK, Stem Cell/Wnt, TGF-beta/Smad, Vitamin D Related, Others according to their Biological activity.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

Quercetin pentaacetate

Quercetin pentaacetate could interact with F-protein with lower binding energy and better stability to block viral adhesion. Quercetin pentaacetate interacts with RSV and inhibit the viral adhesion on cell surface[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1064-06-8
  • MF: C25H20O12
  • MW: 512.41900
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.45g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 666.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 284.7ºC

GY1-22

GY1-22 is an inhibitor of DNAJA1-mutP53R175H interacting pocket. GY1-22 can be used for the research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 326903-84-8
  • MF: C23H20N4OS
  • MW: 400.50
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Oleyl Mesylate

Oleyl Mesylate is a derivative of Oleyl Alcohol. Oleyl Alcohol has been incorporated into various formulations for drug delivery[1].

  • CAS Number: 35709-09-2
  • MF: C19H38O3S
  • MW: 346.56800
  • Catalog: Metabolic Disease
  • Density: 0.954g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 465.7ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 235.4ºC

Propargyl-C8-amido-PEG2-NHS ester

Propargyl-C8-amido-PEG2-NHS ester is a non-cleavable 2 unit PEG ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)[1].

  • CAS Number: 1006592-59-1
  • MF: C22H34N2O7
  • MW: 438.51
  • Catalog: ADC Linker
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Capsiate

Capsiate, as a capsaicin analogue extracted from a non-pungent cultivar of CH-19 sweet red pepper, is an orally active agonist of TRPV1[1].

  • CAS Number: 205687-01-0
  • MF: C18H26O4
  • MW: 306.39700
  • Catalog: TRP Channel
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 421.3±40.0 °C(Predicted)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ammonium bromide-d4

Ammonium bromide-d4 is the deuterium labeled Ammonium bromide[1].

  • CAS Number: 12265-06-4
  • MF: BrD4N
  • MW: 101.96700
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 2.528 g/mL at 25ºC
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 452ºC (subl.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

QNZ46

QNZ46 is a NR2C/NR2D-selective NMDA receptor non-competitive antagonist (IC50 values are 3, 6, 229, and >300, >300 μM for NR2D, NR2C, NR2A, NR2B, and GluR1, respectively). IC50 value: 3 μM (for NR2D), 6 μM (for NR2C), 229 μM (for NR2D NR2A)Target: NR2D, NR2C, NR2Ain vitro: QNZ46 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of GluN2C/D containing NMDA receptors. KD and IC50 values for binding and inhibition of GluN1/Glun2D receptors by QNZ46 are 4.9 and 3.9 μM, respectively. QNZ46 does not compete for binding of glutamate or glycine, but QNZ46 receptor binding requires the binding of glutamate to the GluN2 subunit.

  • CAS Number: 1237744-13-6
  • MF: C24H17N3O6
  • MW: 443.40800
  • Catalog: iGluR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5’(R)-C-Methyl-2-thiouridine

5’(R)-C-Methyl-2-thiouridine is a purine nucleoside analogue. Purine nucleoside analogs have broad antitumor activity targeting indolent lymphoid malignancies. Anticancer mechanisms in this process rely on inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of apoptosis, etc[1].

  • CAS Number: 2305416-01-5
  • MF: C10H14N2O5S
  • MW: 274.29
  • Catalog: Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Nicorandil

Nicorandil is potassium channel activator.Target: Potassium ChannelNicorandil is a vasodilatory drug used to treat angina. Nicorandil stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG) which phosphorylates and inhibits GTPase RhoA and decreases Rho-kinase activity. Reduced Rho-kinase activity permits an increase in myosin phosphatase activity, decreasing the calcium sensitivity of the smooth muscle. PKG also activates the sarcolemma calcium pump to remove activating calcium. PKG acts on K+ channels to promote K+ efflux and the ensuing hyperpolarization inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels. Overall, this leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle and coronary vasodilation [1, 2].

  • CAS Number: 65141-46-0
  • MF: C8H9N3O4
  • MW: 211.175
  • Catalog: Potassium Channel
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 456.7±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 92ºC
  • Flash Point: 230.0±23.2 °C

Fenmetozole Tosylate

Fenmetozole Tosylate is an antagonist of the actions of ethanol, also antagonizes α2-adrenergic receptor, and acts as an antidepressant drug.

  • CAS Number: 83474-08-2
  • MF: C17H18Cl2N2O4S
  • MW: 417.31
  • Catalog: Adrenergic Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tauro-β-muricholic acid sodium

Tauro-β-muricholic Acid sodium (T-βMCA sodium), a endogenous metabolite, is a competitive and reversible farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist, with an IC50 of 40 μM[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 145022-92-0
  • MF: C26H44NNaO7S
  • MW: 537.68
  • Catalog: FXR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Isocucurbitacin B

Isocucurbitacin B is a potent cytotoxic compound isolated from Helicteres rswa L. (Sterculiaceae). Isocucurbitacin B possesses anti-tumor acticity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 17278-28-3
  • MF: C32H46O8
  • MW: 558.703
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 702.4±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 219.9±26.4 °C

2,2-Oxybis(ethylamine)

22-Oxybis(ethylamine) is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

  • CAS Number: 2752-17-2
  • MF: C4H12N2O
  • MW: 104.151
  • Catalog: PROTAC Linker
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 185.9±15.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 74.8±14.1 °C

Neoeriocitrin

Neoeriocitrin, isolated from Drynaria Rhizome, shows activity on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1. Neoeriocitrin is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 13241-32-2
  • MF: C27H32O15
  • MW: 596.53400
  • Catalog: AChE
  • Density: 1.73g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 960.7ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 277ºC
  • Flash Point: 318.3ºC

Pycnophorin

Pycnophorin significantly inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphyloccocus aureus with equal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 25 μM.

  • CAS Number: 103630-05-3
  • MF: C27H40O4
  • MW: 428.60400
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

trimipramine

Trimipramine is a 5-HT receptor antagonist, with pKi binding values of 6.39, 8.10, 4.66 for 5-HT1C, 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A, respectively. Trimipramine is also a potent and selective inhibitor targeting human noradrenaline (hNAT), serotonin (hSERT) and organic cation transporters (hOCT1, hOCT2) with IC50 values of 4.99 μM, 2.11 μM, 3.72 μM, 8.00 μM, respectively. Trimipramine has vascular activity and anxiolytic efficacy[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 739-71-9
  • MF: C20H26N2
  • MW: 294.43400
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 0.9912 (rough estimate)
  • Boiling Point: 426.2°C (rough estimate)
  • Melting Point: 45°
  • Flash Point: 9℃

Amino-PEG4-(CH2)3CO2H

Amino-PEG4-(CH2)3CO2H is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

  • CAS Number: 144598-03-8
  • MF: C12H25NO6
  • MW: 279.330
  • Catalog: PROTAC Linker
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 421.7±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 208.9±27.3 °C

Tibezonium iodide

Tibezonium iodide, an oropharyngeal disinfectant, has antibacterial activity for the prevention of mouth infections[1].

  • CAS Number: 54663-47-7
  • MF: C28H32IN3S2
  • MW: 601.60800
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 162ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

A09-003

A09-003 is a CDK-9 inhibitor (IC50: 16 nM). A09-003 inhibits leukemia cell proliferation (IC50: 1.90, 0.86, 2.49, 1.84, 0.48 μM for BDCM, Molm-14, THP-1, U937, MV4-11 cells). A09-003 induces apoptosis and decreases Mcl-1 expression through Thr163 dephosphorylation[1].

  • CAS Number: 2911646-14-3
  • MF: C23H26N4O
  • MW: 374.48
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Nisin

Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by a group of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to Lactococcus and Streptococcus species.

  • CAS Number: 1414-45-5
  • MF: C143H230N42O37S7
  • MW: 3354.07000
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 2967℃
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: >110°(230°F)

N-Boc-PEG4-bromide

N-Boc-PEG4-bromide is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)[1].

  • CAS Number: 1076199-21-7
  • MF: C13H26BrNO5
  • MW: 356.25300
  • Catalog: ADC Linker
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 422.1±35.0°C at 3 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(3β,5α,6β)-Androstane-3,5,6-triol

5α-Androstane-3β,5,6β-triol is a neuroprotectant. 5α-Androstane-3β,5,6β-triol can remarkably reverse intracellular acidification and alleviate neuronal injury through the inhibition of AMPK signaling. 5α-Androstane-3β,5,6β-triol remarkably reduced the infarct volume and attenuated neurologic impairment in acute ischemic stroke models of middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo[1].

  • CAS Number: 4725-51-3
  • MF: C19H32O3
  • MW: 308.456
  • Catalog: AMPK
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 430.1±35.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 193.1±20.5 °C

RTI-118

RTI-118 is a novel small-molecule neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) antagonist. RTI-118 can relieve drug addiction including selectively decrease cocaine self-administration[1].

  • CAS Number: 847554-50-1
  • MF: C26H32N4O3
  • MW: 448.56
  • Catalog: Neuropeptide Y Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Elenbecestat

Elenbecestat (E2609) is a novel potent BACE-1 inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD)[1].

  • CAS Number: 1388651-30-6
  • MF: C19H18F3N5O2S
  • MW: 437.44
  • Catalog: Beta-secretase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Chloroacetamido-C4-NHBoc

Chloroacetamido-C4-NHBoc is an alkyl/ether-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

  • CAS Number: 133264-58-1
  • MF: C11H21ClN2O3
  • MW: 264.75
  • Catalog: PROTAC Linker
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cefotetan disodium

Cefotetan is a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that exerts its bactericidal effects by inhibition of cell-wall synthesis[1].

  • CAS Number: 69712-56-7
  • MF: C17H17N7O8S4
  • MW: 575.619
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 2.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 173-178ºC (dec.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

Fosaprepitant

Fosaprepitant (L-758298) is a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.IC50 Value:Target: NK1 receptorin vitro: Fosaprepitant (also known as MK-0517 and L-758,298) is a water-soluble phosphoryl prodrug for aprepitant, which, when administered intravenously, is converted to aprepitant within 30 min of intravenous administration via the action of ubiquitous phosphatases. Owing to the rapid conversion offosaprepitant to the active form (aprepitant), fosaprepitant 115 mg provided the same aprepitant exposure in terms of AUC as aprepitant 12 mg orally, and fosaprepitant is expected to provide a correspondingly similar antiemetic effect as aprepitant [1]. in vivo: Fosaprepitant is well tolerated with mild to moderate venous irritation being the only additional toxicity to those seen with oral aprepitant, and that is a function of dose, concentration, and infusion rate [2]. Patients receiving cisplatin ≥ 70 mg/m(2) for the first time received ondansetron and dexamethasone with a standard aprepitant regimen (125 mg on day 1, 80 mg on day 2, 80 mg on day 3) or a single-dose fosaprepitant regimen (150 mg on day 1) [3]. Single-dose fosaprepitant used in combination with granisetron and dexamethasone was well-tolerated and effective in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including high-dose cisplatin [4].

  • CAS Number: 172673-20-0
  • MF: C23H22F7N4O6P
  • MW: 614.407
  • Catalog: Neurokinin Receptor
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 588.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 310ºC

Recifercept

Recifercept (TA-46) is a soluble, recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) molecule. Recifercept can be used as a decoy/ligand trap to decrease the amount of fibroblast growth factors that can bind to mutant FGFR3 receptors. Recifercept can be used for the research of achondroplasia[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cerebellin

Cerebellin is a neuromodulatory peptide widely distributed in the central nervous system.

  • CAS Number: 94071-26-8
  • MF: C69H113N23O23
  • MW: 1632.78000
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

((Allyloxy)carbonyl)-D-alanine

((Allyloxy)carbonyl)-D-alanine is an alanine derivative[1].

  • CAS Number: 918936-47-7
  • MF: C7H11NO4
  • MW: 173.17
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A