Melatonin D5 is deuterium labeled Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties[1][2][3]. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation[4].
Dexamethasone-d4 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
3-Methyladenine-d3 is the deuterium labeled 3-Methyladenine[1]. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor. 3-Methyladenine is a widely used inhibitor of autophagy via its inhibitory effect on class III PI3K[2].
Resveratrol (SRT 501), a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid.
U0126 is a potent and non-ATP competitive MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor, with IC50s of 70 nM and 60 nM, respectively.
Valproic acid is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2; Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid which activates or inhibits the activities of a number of proteins. Quercetin can activate SIRT1 and inhibit PI3K with IC50s of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM, 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respecti
Vorinostat is a potent and orally available inhibitor of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 (Class I), HDAC7 (Class II) and HDAC11 (Class IV ), with ID50 values of 10 nM and 20 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively.
Pitavastatin (NK-104) sodium is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin sodium inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin sodium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Pitavastatin sodium also possesses anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and reno-protective effects[1][2][3][8].
Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .
Iohexol is a contrast agent.Target: OthersIohexol is a contrast agent. The osmolality of iohexol ranges from 322 mOsm/kg-approximately 1.1 times that of blood plasma-to 844 mOsm/kg, almost three times that of blood. Despite this difference, iohexol is still considered a low-osmolality contrast agent; the osmolality of older agents, such as diatrizoate, may be more than twice as high. From Wikipedia.
Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes research. Metformin can cross the blood-brain barrier and triggers autophagy[1].
Resveratrol analog 2 is an analog of Resveratrol (HY-16561). Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties[1].
Carbamazepine-d8 is the deuterium labeled Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine, a sodium channel blocker, is an anticonvulsant drug, with an IC50 of 131 μM[1][2].
AICAR is a cell-permeable AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator.
Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist.
GSK3-IN-3 is a mitophagy inducer, inducing Parkin-dependent mitophagy. GSK3-IN-3 is also a GSK-3 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.01 μM. GSK3-IN-3 is non-ATP nor substrate competitive and is neuroprotective against 6-OHDA[1][2][3].
AICAR phosphate is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), down-regulates the insulin receptor expression in HepG2 cells.
Doxazosin mesylate(UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.Target: α1-adrenergic receptorDoxazosin (mesylate) is the mesylate salt form of doxazosin, which is a long-lasting inhibitor of α1-adrenoceptors that is widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms [1]. doxazosin may have a direct inhibitory effect on cholesterol synthesis independent of the LDL receptor. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by doxazosin may cause cells to compensate by upregulating the LDL receptor, thereby increasing the importation of lipoprotein cholesterol and reducing LDL cholesterol in the medium [2]. Doxazosin monotherapy was effective in eight of 12 patients (66.7%), and combined therapy with a beta-blocker was effective in 11 of 12 patients (91.7%). The mean pulse rate remained constant throughout therapy. Adverse reactions were minor and transient and occurred in only three patients. Urinary and plasma catecholamine levels tended to decrease or remained unchanged during doxazosin therapy [3].
Valproic acid (VPA) sodium (2:1) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium (2:1) activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium (2:1) is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
URB597 is a potent, orally bioavailable FAAH inhibitor with IC50 of 4.6 nM, with no activity on other cannabinoid-related targets.IC50 value: 4.6 nM [1]Target: FAAH in vitro: URB597 binds in the hydrophobic pocket and catalytic core of FAAH that connects the active site residues to the membrane surface of FAAH [1]. URB597 reduces the expression of the LPS-induced enzymes cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) in primary rat microglial cell, with a concomitant reduction in the release of the inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and (NO) nitric oxide [2]. in vivo: URB597 inhibits [3H]anandamide hydrolysis in rat brain membranes with a parallel increase in brain anandamide, OEA, and PEA content by inhibition of FAAH. URB597 enhances the hypothermia effect induced by ethanolamide by inhibiting FAAH [3]. When delivered intraperitonealy (0.3 mg/kg) URB597 reduces allodynia and hyperalgesia through cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor-mediated analgesia in rats with inflammatory pain [4].
Curcumin D6 (Diferuloylmethane D6) is a deuterium labeled Curcumin (Turmeric yellow). Curcumin (Turmeric yellow) is a natural phenolic compound with diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin is an inhibitor of p300 histone acetylatransferase (HATs) and also shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs.
Isoniazid is an antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic.Target: AntibacterialIsoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by a bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme that in M. tuberculosis is called KatG [1]. KatG couples the isonicotinic acyl with NADH to form isonicotinic acyl-NADH complex. This complex binds tightly to the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase known as InhA, thereby blocking the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate and the action of fatty acid synthase. This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, required for the mycobacterial cell wall. A range of radicals are produced by KatG activation of isoniazid, including nitric oxide, which has also been shown to be important in the action of another antimycobacterial prodrug PA-824 [2, 3]. Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacteria are slow-growing [4].
Ruxolitinib is a potent and selective JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.3 nM and 2.8 nM in cell-free assays, and has 130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 over JAK3.
Clioquinol(Iodochlorhydroxyquin) is an antifungal drug and antiprotozoal compound that shows effectivity for Alzheimer's disease treatment and induce cancer cell death.
Carbamazepine-D10 (CBZ-D10) is the deuterium labeled Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine (CBZ), a sodium channel blocker, is an anticonvulsant agent[1][2].
GSK2578215A is a potent and highly selective LRRK2 inhibitor; exhibits IC50s of around 10 nM against both wild-type LRRK2 and the G2019S mutant.IC50 value: ~10 nM(wt-LRRK2; LRRK2 G2019S) [1]Target: LRRK2 inhibitorGSK2578215A exhibits exceptionally high selectivity for LRRK2 across the kinome, substantially inhibits Ser910 and Ser935 phosphorylation of both wild-type LRRK2 and G2019S mutant at a concentration of 0.3–1.0 μM in cells and in mouse spleen and kidney, but not in brain, following intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg [1].
Oxidopamine hydrobromide is a selective catecholaminergic neurotoxin, depletes brain catecholamine levels via uptake and accumulation by a transport mechanism specific to these neurons. In vitro: Oxidopamine hydrobromide-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells was initiated by superoxide generation followed by caspase cascade activation, which was associated with the suppressed Akt phosphorylation and increased p38 phosphorylation. It is likely that pCPT-cAMP prevented the Oxidopamine hydrobromide-induced apoptosis via activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway without any effect on superoxide generation or mitochondrial membrane depolarization. [1]In vivo the presence of sulfhydryl antioxidants protected against neuronal degeneration in the striatum, which was particularly remarkable in the case of CySH and was attributed to its capacity to remove the H2O2 produced in the autoxidation of Oxidopamine hydrobromide.
Esmolol Hydrochloride is a beta adrenergic receptor blocker.Target: Adrenergic receptorEsmolol Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of Esmolol, a short and rapid-acting beta adrenergic antagonist belonging to the class II anti-arrhythmic drugs and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Esmolol hydrochloride competitively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle and reduces the contractility and cardiac rate of heart muscle, thereby decreasing cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demands. This agent also decreases sympathetic output centrally and blocks renin secretion. At higher doses, Esmolol hydrochloride also blocks beta-2 receptors located in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, thereby leading to smooth muscle relaxation.