Votoplam is a gene splicing modulator, used to inhibit Huntington's disease[1].
Mosapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist.Target: 5HT4 Mosapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist. The major active metabolite of mosapride, known as M1, additionally acts as a 5HT3 antagonist, which accelerates gastric emptying throughout the whole of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, and is used for the treatment of gastritis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. It is recommended to be taken on an empty stomach (i.e. at least one hour before food or two hours after food).In addition to its prokinetic properties, mosapride also exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal tract which may contribute to some of its therapeutic effects. Mosapride also promotes neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract which may prove useful in certain bowel disorders. The neurogenesis is due to mosapride's effect on the 5-HT4 receptor where it acts as an agonist.Its common side effects include dry mouth, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, insomnia, malaise, nausea, diarrhoea and sometimes constipation. Unlike some other prokinetic agents, mosapride has little effect on potassium channels, no effect on hERG transfected cells, and no effect on cardiovascular function that could be detected in tests on humans. Due to the pharmacokinetics of mosapride, it would take 1,000 - 3,000 times the therapeutic dose to elicit cardiovascular effects.
BIA 10-2474 is an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with IC50 values of 50 to 70mg/kg in various rat brain regions.
GSK-3 inhibitor 3 is a selective, orally active and brain-penetrant inhibitor of GSK-3, with IC50s of 0.35 nM and 0.25 nM for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively. GSK-3 inhibitor 3 lowers levels of tau protein phosphorylation at S396 in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer’s disease model, with IC50 of 10 nM. GSK-3 inhibitor 3 can be used for neurological disease research[1].
3-Hydroxy agomelatine is a metabolite of Agomelatine. 3-Hydroxy agomelatine is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 3.2 μM and a Ki of 1.8 μM[1].
β-Amyloid (22-35) is a 14-aa peptide, shows aggregates and induces neurotoxicity in the hippocampal cells.
Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Nootkatone improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[2].
Tricaprilin (Trioctanoin) is used in study for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and has a role as an anticonvulsant and a plant metabolite[1][2].
7-Deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine, an alkaloid, is a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inhibitor (IC50: 1.80 μM). 7-Deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine is an anti-neuroinflammatory agent. 7-Deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine decreases the Aβ and APP levels in the cerebral cortex of Tg2576 mice[1][2][3].
L-Alanine-d4 (L-2-Aminopropionic acid-d4) is the deuterium labeled L-Alanine. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.
Salsolidine is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, acts as a stereoselective competitive MAO A inhibitor.
MAPK-IN-1 (Compound 2) is a MAPK signaling pathway inhibitor. MAPK-IN-1 exhibits AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 23.84 μM. MAPK-IN-1 shows anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activity and can be used for Alzheimer's disease research[1].
Donepezil-d5 is deuterium labeled Donepezil. Donepezil (E2020 free base) is a specific and potent AChE inhibitor with IC50s of 8.12 nM and 11.6 nM for bovine AChE and human AChE, respectively[1].
SC 51089 free base is a selective antagonist of prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor, with Kis of 1.3, 11.2, 17.5, and 61.1 μM for EP1, TP, EP3, and FP receptors, respectively. SC 51089 free base exhibits neuroprotective activity[1][2][3].
UBP618 is a GluN1/GluN2 receptors pan-inhibitor.
Maropitant is a neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist. IC50 value:Target: NK1 receptorMaropitant is the first NK1 receptor antagonist developed to treat and prevent emesis in dogs. Treatment with 1 mg/kg Maropitant citrate, significantly reduced the size of ulcerative dermatitis (UD) lesions in mice. Intravenous Maropitant decreased (p < 0.05) MAC by 16% (1.74 ± 0.17%). In contrast, epidural administration of either saline or Maropitant did not change (p > 0.05) the MAC (2.17 ± 0.34% and 1.92 ± 0.12%, respectively).
(R)-(-)-α-Methylhistamine dihydrobromide is a potent and selective H3 histamine receptor agonist with a Kd of 50.3 nM[1][2]. (R)-(-)-α-Methylhistamine dihydrobromide can cross the blood-brain barrier, and can enhance memory retention, attenuates memory impairment in rats[3][4][5].
FGFR-IN-7 (compound 17) is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) modulator. FGFR-IN-7 shows neuroprotective activity. FGFR-IN-7 improves brain exposure and reduced risk of phospholidosis. FGFR-IN-7 can be used for neurodegenerative diseases research[1].
A1AR antagonist 3 (compound 13) is a selective adenosine 1 (A1) receptor antagonist with Kis of 9.69 nM and 0.529 nM for human A1 and rat A1, respectively. A1AR antagonist 3 can be used for researching neurological diseases[1].
ST91 is a α2-adrenoceptor (α2AR) agonist. ST91 activates both α2AAR and non-α2AAR subtypes to produce spinal antinociception[1][2][3].
β-Amyloid (1-38), mouse, rat is composed of 38 aa (1-38 residues of the Aβ peptide) and is the primary component of the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s disease[1].
Raphin1 is an orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the regulatory phosphatase PPP1R15B (R15B). Raphin1 binds strongly to the R15B-PP1c holophosphatase (Kd=33 nM), and shows ~30-fold selective in binding R15B-PP1c over R15A-PP1c. Raphin1 crosses the blood-brain barrier, and reduces organismal and molecular deficits in a mouse model of a protein misfolding disease[1].
(+)-Coclaurine ((+)-(R)-Coclaurine), benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from a variety of plant sources. (+)-Coclaurine has anti-aging activity[1][2].
Pipecuronium bromide is a potent long-acting nondepolarizing steroidal neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA), and a bisquaternary ammonium compound. Pipecuronium bromide is a powerful competitive nAChR antagonist with a Kd of 3.06 μM[1][2][3][4][5].
Caroverine hydrochloride is a potent, competitive and reversible antagonist of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor. Caroverine hydrochloride is also an antioxidant and calcium-blocking agent that exhibits vasorelaxant action. Caroverine hydrochloride can be used for the research of inner ear tinnitus[1][2][3].
N-Desmethylnefopam is the main metabolite of Nefopam. N-Desmethylnefopam is a centrally-acting but non-opioid analgesic agent, for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Nefopam targets β-catenin protein level in mesenchymal cells in-vitro and in-vivo[1][2][3].
Demoxepam is a major metabolite of Chlordiazepoxide. Demoxepam exhibits cytotoxicity activity against cancer cell lines. Demoxepam has anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects[1][2].
SAK3 (T-VGCC enhancer SAK3) is a potent, orally acitve enhancer of T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (T-VGCC), enhances CaV3.1 and CaV3.3, but not CaV3.2 activity at concentrations of 0.01-10 nM in neuro2A cells in vitro; significantly enhanced acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampal CA1 region of naïve mice (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.); significantly enhanced hippocampal ACh levels in olfactory-bulbectomized (OBX) mice, rescuing impaired memory-related behaviors.
VU6005649 is a CNS penetrant mGlu7/8 receptor agonist with EC50s of 0.65 μM and 2.6 μM for mGlu7 receptor and mGlu8 receptor, respectively.
Pinokalant is a broad-spectrum and non-selectivecation channel inhibitor. Pinokalant significantly reduces cortical infarct volume. Pinokalant o improves the metabolic and electrophysiologic status of the ischemic penumbra. Pinokalant reduces lesion size on magnetic resonance images in the acute phase following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Pinokalant has the potential for the research of stroke. Pinokalant also shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity[1].