Infection is a pathophysiological process that involves the invasion and colonization of a living organism (host) by disease-causing infectious agents, the reaction of host tissues to these agents and the toxins they produce, and the transmission of infectious agents to other hosts. Common infectious agents include viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms. Hosts can fight infections using their immune system. Mammals often engage both innate and adaptive immune systems to eliminate infectious agents or inhibit their growth and transmission. When infection occurs, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic agents.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

Chevalone C

Chevalone C, a meroterpenoid fungal metabolite, shows antimalarial activity with IC50 value of 25.00 μg/mL. Chevalone C has anti-proliferative activity on colon HCT116, liver HepG2 and melanoma A375 cancer cell lines[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1318025-77-2
  • MF: C28H40O5
  • MW: 456.614
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 541.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 256.5±18.1 °C

Febantel

Febantel is an anthelmintic for veterinary use on dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, pig and poultry against roundworms and tapeworms.Target: anthelmintic compoundFebantel is a veteran anthelmintic (wormer) compound belonging to the chemical class of the benzimidazoles, but is a so-called pro-benzimidazole, i.e. it is transformed into a benzimidazole once it gets into the host's organism. Febantel it is transformed into fenbendazole in the stomach and the intestine of the host, shortly after ingestion. Once transformed its behavior is comparable to the one of fenbendazole.

  • CAS Number: 58306-30-2
  • MF: C20H22N4O6S
  • MW: 446.477
  • Catalog: Parasite
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 129-130ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

Brodimoprim

Brodimoprim (Ro 10-5970), a trimethoprim analogue, is an orally active dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor. Brodimoprim is highly active against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria[1].

  • CAS Number: 56518-41-3
  • MF: C13H15BrN4O2
  • MW: 339.19
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 563.8±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 225-228°
  • Flash Point: 294.7±32.9 °C

TTP-8307

TTP-8307 is a potent inhibitor of the replication of several Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses, targets the nonstructural protein 3A, inhibits the replication of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3 Nancy) with EC50 of 1.2 uM; 3A mutations V45A, I54F, and H57Y confer resistance to TTP-8307.

  • CAS Number: 950225-08-8
  • MF: C27H21FN4O
  • MW: 436.49
  • Catalog: HCV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5-Aminouridine

5-Aminouridine can modify nucleobases and can be incorporated into the target DNA. 5-Aminouridine exhibits a wide range of biological activity and it inhibits the growth of tumors, fungi and viruses[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 2149-76-0
  • MF: C9H13N3O6
  • MW: 259.21600
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.712g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HIV-IN-1

HIV-IN-1 (Compound 50) is a potent inhibitor of HIV. HIV-IN-2 has the potential for the research of HIV infection[1].

  • CAS Number: 2756837-91-7
  • MF: C37H35F4N9O2S
  • MW: 745.79
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Dermcidin-1L (human) trifluoroacetate salt

Dermcidin-1L (human) is an antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Dermcidin-1L (human) has antimicrobial activity. Dermcidin-1L (human) can be used for the research of inflammatory skin disorders[1].

  • CAS Number: 478898-18-9
  • MF: C210H359N57O71
  • MW: 4818.5
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Phenosulfazole

Phenosulfazole is an effective antiviral agent. Phenosulfazole has the potential for the research of poliomyelitis virus[1].

  • CAS Number: 515-54-8
  • MF: C9H8N2O3S2
  • MW: 256.30100
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: 1.605g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 476ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 241.7ºC

Shinjulactone M

Shinjulactone M is a quassinoid isolated from various parts of Ailanthus species. Ailanthus, an important genus of the Simaroubaceae family, can be used as an febrifuge (antimalarial) and anthelmintic, and is given for the research of chronic bronchitis, epilepsy and asthma[1].

  • CAS Number: 103630-27-9
  • MF: C20H26O9
  • MW: 410.42
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-22

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-22 is a potent cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) inhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 2641942-32-5
  • MF: C37H37ClF2N6O7S2
  • MW: 815.31
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Agrochelin

Agrochelin, an alkaloid cytotoxic antibiotic, is produced by the fermentation of a marine Agrobacterium sp. Agrochelin has cytotoxic activity in tumor cell lines[1].

  • CAS Number: 247115-74-8
  • MF: C23H34N2O4S2
  • MW: 466.66
  • Catalog: ADC Cytotoxin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

2'-C-Methylcytidine

NM107 is a inhibitors of HCV RNA replication with IC50 of 7.0 μM in vitro.IC50 value: 7.0 μMTarget:HCV RNA replicationNM107 is a potent and selective inhibitor of flavi- and pesti-virus replication in cell culture, with inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity against HCV 1b replicon cells, IC50 is 1.13 μM. Intracellular HCV RNA in HCV-infected cells treated the HCV polymerase inhibitor NM107 shows a similar pattern of decline. NM107 are currently being investigated as additional therapeutic agents for HCV infection. NM107 inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) replication (EC50 0.67 nM), eliminates persistent BVDV infection at nontoxic concentrations.

  • CAS Number: 20724-73-6
  • MF: C10H15N3O5
  • MW: 257.243
  • Catalog: HCV
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 523.9±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 243-245ºC
  • Flash Point: 270.7±32.9 °C

NS2B/NS3-IN-6

NS2B/NS3-IN-6 (Compound 1a) is an allosteric DENV and ZIKV NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitor with IC50 values of 2.23 µM and 25.2 µM against ZIKV and DENV proteases, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 2459657-57-7
  • MF: C19H19N3O5S2
  • MW: 433.50
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HEP-1

HEP-1 (Human ezrin peptide (324-337)) is an orally active peptide with anti-HIV activity. HEP-1 enhances antibody titers generated by hepatitis B vaccination. HEP-1 has the potential to be studied against viral infections[1].

  • CAS Number: 174641-44-2
  • MF: C74H132N26O27
  • MW: 1818.00
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cecropin A

Cecropin A is a linear 37-residue antimicrobial polypeptide, with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity.

  • CAS Number: 80451-04-3
  • MF: C184H313N53O46
  • MW: 4003.78
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Sodium Saccharin

Saccharin sodium is an orally active, non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS). Saccharin sodium has bacteriostatic and microbiome-modulating properties[1].

  • CAS Number: 128-44-9
  • MF: C7H4NNaO3S
  • MW: 205.17
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 438.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: >300°C
  • Flash Point: 219.3ºC

Antibacterial agent 102

Antibacterial agent 102 (compound 32) possesses potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity, with MICs < 0.5 μg/mL in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Antibacterial agent 102 also moderately inhibits CYP3A4 with an IC50 value of 6.148 μM. Antibacterial agent 102 can reduce Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) load in thigh infected mice[1].

  • CAS Number: 2413293-65-7
  • MF: C35H49N5O5S
  • MW: 651.86
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Caspofungin

Caspofungin is a potent antifungal agent. Caspofungin inhibits the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component β-(l,3)-D-glucan[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 162808-62-0
  • MF: C53H89N9O15
  • MW: 1092.33000
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.36g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 1408.1ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 805.4ºC

SID 26681509

SID 26681509 is a potent, reversible, competitive, and selective inhibitor of human cathepsin L with an IC50 of 56 nM. SID 26681509 inhibits in vitro propagation of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and inhibits Leishmania major with IC50s of 15.4 μM and 12.5 μM, respectively. SID 26681509 shows no inhibitory activity against cathepsin G[1].

  • CAS Number: 958772-66-2
  • MF: C27H33N5O5S
  • MW: 539.64600
  • Catalog: Cathepsin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Streptolydigin

Streptolydigin (Portamycin) is a 3-acetyltetramic acid antibiotic and a potent bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor with a Ki of 18 μM and a Kd of 15 μM. Streptolydigin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase and does not inhibit eukaryotic RNA polymerases[1][2][3]. Streptolydigin possess potent antibacterial activity, particularly against anaerobes and some Gram-positive aerobes[4].

  • CAS Number: 7229-50-7
  • MF: C32H44N2O9
  • MW: 600.70000
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.3 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 826.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 453.7ºC

RN-18

RN-18 is a HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (HIV-1 Vif) inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 μM in nonpermissive H9 cells.

  • CAS Number: 431980-38-0
  • MF: C20H16N2O4S
  • MW: 380.41700
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Pirlimycin

Pirlimycin (RU 38882), a lincosamide antibiotic, is active against Gram-positive bacteria. Pirlimycin acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis via binding with the 50S subunit of the ribosome[1].

  • CAS Number: 79548-73-5
  • MF: C17H31ClN2O5S
  • MW: 410.96
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.31g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 643.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 343.2ºC

Benzonitrile,4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-

SARS-CoV-2-IN-59 (compound E07), an imidazoline derivative, is a non-peptide small molecule inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 that targets the main protease (Mpro) of the coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2-IN-59 has a strong interaction with residues on Mpro (Met 165, Gln 166, Met 165, His 41, Gln 189)[1].

  • CAS Number: 850786-33-3
  • MF: C10H9N3
  • MW: 171.20
  • Catalog: SARS-CoV
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 327.7±44.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 152.0±28.4 °C

Thifluzamide

Thifluzamide is a powerful and effective fungicide. When used safely and correctly it can be effective on rice and other crops because of improved water dispersal techniques. Thifluzamide is highly active against Basidiomycete fungi, in particular Rhizoctonia solani, primarily in rice, potatoes, and turf markets.

  • CAS Number: 130000-40-7
  • MF: C13H6Br2F6N2O2S
  • MW: 528.062
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.9±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 375.9±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 178℃
  • Flash Point: 181.2±27.9 °C

Tris(4-aminophenyl)methane

Tris(4-aminophenyl)methane is a triphenylmethane dye. Tris(4-aminophenyl)methane is a weak HCV helicase inhibitor.

  • CAS Number: 548-61-8
  • MF: C19H19N3
  • MW: 289.37400
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.208g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 540.9ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 316.7ºC

Balofloxacin

Balofloxacin is quinolone antibiotic, inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial DNA by interference with the enqyme DNA gyrase.Target: Antibacterial; DNA gyrase.Balofloxacin, an orally active fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has been developed by Choongwae Pharma in Korea, for the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). Chugai and Ciba were developing balofloxacin for respiratory tract infections (RTI) but discontinued development in 1995 due to changes in Chugai's R&D focus and a lack of efficacy of the drug. Following phase II trials, Choongwae bought the rights to develop balofloxacin in Korea from Chugai. Phase III trials for UTI were completed in early 2001. Balofloxacin was approved by the Korean FDA in December 2001 for UTI. In March 2002, phase II trials were underway for RTI.

  • CAS Number: 127294-70-6
  • MF: C20H24FN3O4
  • MW: 389.42
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 608.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 137ºC
  • Flash Point: 321.7±31.5 °C

Tuvirumab

Tuvirumab (OST 577; SDZ-OST 577) is a human IgG1 subclass monoclonal antibody directed against HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Tuvirumab binds specifically and with high affinity (K=3.6 nM) to HBsAg. Tuvirumab has the potential for chronic hepatitis B research[1][2].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Distinctin

Distinctin is an antimicrobial peptide. Distinctin can be isolated from frog skin. Distinctin has antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC: 14.5, 28.0, 28.0, 14.5 μM)[1].

  • CAS Number: 857394-09-3
  • MF: C131H226N40O35S
  • MW: 2953.51
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Slingshot inhibitor D3

Novel Potent Inhibitor of the Protein Phosphatase Slingshot

  • CAS Number: 1715076-35-9
  • MF: C25H19NO4S2
  • MW: 461.55
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

F-17

F-17 is a potential inhibitor of virulence factor. F-17 shows very significant inhibitory effect on biofilm, elastase, pyocyanin, and swarming motility. F-17 also shows a good binding effect on LasR and PqsR. F-17 has no obvious cytotoxicity[1].

  • CAS Number: 1572464-22-2
  • MF: C17H15BrO4
  • MW: 363.20
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A