Desvenlafaxine is a serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor with Ki of 40.2 nM and 558.4 nM, respectively. Target: SSRIsDesvenlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is the active metabolite of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Similar to venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine inhibits the neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Desvenlafaxine shows weak binding affinity (62% inhibition at 100 μM) at the human dopamine (DA) transporter. Desvenlafaxine inhibits [3H]5-HT or [3H]NE uptake for the hSERT or hNET with IC50 of 47.3 and 531.3 nM, respectively. Desvenlafaxine rapidly penetrates the male rat brain and hypothalamus. Desvenlafaxine significantly increases extracellular NE levels compared with baseline in the male rat hypothalamus but had no effect on DA levels using microdialysis [1]. Desvenlafaxine has the potential to inhibit CYP2D6, which could result in increased concentrations of drugs metabolized through this pathway. Induction of CYP3A4 is also possible with desvenlafaxine, which could impact the metabolism of drugs metabolized via this enzyme. Desvenlafaxine exhibits a linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetic single-dose profile in a dose range from 100 to 600 mg/day. The absolute bioavailability of the oral formulation is 80.5% [2].
Milnacipran-d10 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Milnacipran hydrochloride. Milnacipran hydrochloride is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia[1][2].
Paroxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative, is a potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Paroxetine is a very weak inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE) uptake but it is still more potent at this site than the other SSRIs[1].
A small molecule 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and inhibitor of serotonin and dopamine reuptake, also possess affinity for the α1A- and α1B-adrenergic receptors. Depression Phase 2 Clinical
Venlafaxine-d6-1 is deuterium labeled Venlafaxine. Venlafaxine (Wy 45030) is an orally active, potent serotonin (5-HT)/norepinephrine (NE) reuptake dual inhibitor. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant[1].
Desvenlafaxine-d10 is deuterium labeled Desvenlafaxine. Desvenlafaxine, the succinate salt form of the isolated major active metabolite of Venlafaxine (HY-B0196), is an orally active and BBB penetrated 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with IC50 values of 47.3 nM and 531.3 nM for hSERT and hNET, respectively. Desvenlafaxine shows weak binding affinity (62% inhibition at 100 μM) at the human dopamine (DA) transporter[1][2].
Imipramine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Imipramine hydrochloride. Imipramine hydrochloride inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride is reported to prevent the translocation of aSMase, inhibiting MV and exosomes secretion[1][2][3][4][5].
(±)-Duloxetine ((Rac)-Duloxetine) hydrochloride is the racemate of Duloxetine hydrochloride. Duloxetine hydrochloride, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, can be used for diabetic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia as well as major depressive disorder research[1].
DSP-1053 is a novel potent serotonin reuptake (SERT) inhibitor with 5-HT1A partial agonistic activity that binds to human serotonin transporter and 5-HT1A receptor with Ki of 1.02 and 5.05 nM, respectively; inhibits serotonin transporter with IC50 of 2.74 nM and shows an intrinsic activity for 5-HT1A receptors of 70.0%; dose-dependently increases extracellular 5-HT levels in rat microdialysis at 3-10 mg/kg, demonstrates antidepressant-like effect in vivo. Depression Phase 1 Discontinued
Centanafadine is dual norepinephrine (NE)/dopamine (DA) transporter inhibitor, also inhibits serotonin transporter, with IC50s of 6 nM, 38 nM and 83 nM for human NE, DA and serotonin transporter , respectively.
Paroxetine hydrochloride is a potent selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, commonly prescribed as an antidepressant and has GRK2 inhibitory ability with IC50 of 14 μM.
Roxindole (EMD 49980), an indot-alkyl-pipenidine, is a potent agonist at dopamine autoreceptors, with an affinity for the D2-like subtype in the low nanomolar range. Roxindole can be used for the research of positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms. Roxindole is a 5-HT1A agonist and 5-HT uptake inhibitor with high affinity for 5-HT1A (IC50=0.9 nM). Antipsychotic and antidepressant activities[1][2][3].
Nardoguaianone J, a guaiane-type compound, can be isolated from Nardostachys chinensis roots. Nardoguaianone J can enhance SERT activity[1][2].
Doxepin HCl is a tricyclic antidepressant that is marketed worldwide.Target: SSRIsDoxepin inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and acts as a antagonist at various serotonergic, adrenergic, musacrinic, dopaminergic and histaminergic receptors [1]. In the doxepin-treated patients who completed the study (N = 20, 47.6+/-11.3), medication significantly increased sleep efficiency after acute (night 1, p < or = .001) and subchronic (night 28, p < or = .05) intake compared with the patients who received placebo (N = 20, 47.4+/-16.8 years of age). Doxepin to cause significantly (p < or = .05) better global improvement at the first day of treatment [2].
Pipofezine(Azafen or Azaphen) is a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin. IC50 Value: Target: SSRIsPipofezine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) approved in Russia for the treatment of depression. In addition to its antidepressant action, pipofezine has sedative effects as well, indicating antihistamine activity.
Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with Ki of 0.89 nM.Target: SSRIsEscitalopram, the S-enantiomer of citalopram, belongs to a class of antidepressant agents known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram may be used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Escitalopram has no significant affinity for adrenergic (alpha1, alpha2, beta), cholinergic, GABA, dopaminergic, histaminergic, serotonergic (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT2), or benzodiazepine receptors; antagonism of such receptors has been hypothesized to be associated with various anticholinergic, sedative, and cardiovascular effects for other psychotropic drugs. The chronic administration of escitalopram is found to downregulate brain norepinephrine receptors, as has been observed with other drugs effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Escitalopram does not inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Dapoxetine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Dapoxetine[1]. Dapoxetine (LY-210448) is an orally active and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Dapoxetine can be used for the research of premature ejaculation (PE)[2].
Fluvoxamine maleate is an antidepressant which functions pharmacologically as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.Target: SSRIsFluvoxamine (maleate) is the maleate salt form of fluvoxamine, which is effective in inhibiting 5-HT uptake by blood platelets and brain synaptosomes. The antagonism by fluvoxamine of the reserpine-induced lowering of the pentamethylenetetrazole convulsive threshold can be regarded as due to an effect upon 5-HT uptake. In contrast to the effects of desmethylimipramine and imipramine, no stimulatory effects are found in rats when rapidly acting reserpine-like compounds are given following a dose of fluvoxamine [1]. fluvoxamine appears to improve combat-related PTSD symptoms but not depressive symptoms. The high attrition rate and lack of a placebo group limits the conclusions of our study. Controlled studies of fluvoxamine in the treatment of PTSD are warranted [2]. Fluvoxamine was less potent at decreasing ethanol self-administration when food was available concurrently versus when ethanol was available in isolation [ED50: 4.0 (2.7-5.9) and 5.1 (4.3-6.0)]. Effects on food were similar under each condition in which food was available. The results demonstrate that the potency of fluvoxamine in reducing ethanol-maintained behavior depends on whether ethanol is available in isolation or in the context of concurrently scheduled food reinforcement [3].Clinical indications: Depression; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Social phobia " FDA Approved Date: December 5, 1994Toxicity: Anorexia, Constipation, Dry mouth, Headache, Nausea, Nervousness, Skin rash, Sleep problems, Somnolence, Liver toxicity, Mania, Increase urination, Seizures, Sweating increase, Tremors, or Tourette's syndrome.
Centanafadine (hydrochloride) is dual norepinephrine (NE)/dopamine (DA) transporter inhibitor, also inhibits serotonin transporter, with IC50s of 6 nM, 38 nM and 83 nM for human NE, DA and serotonin transporter , respectively.
Imipramine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Imipramine (hydrochloride). Imipramine hydrochloride inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride is reported to prevent the translocation of aSMase, inhibiting MV and exosomes secretion[1][2][3][4][5].
Vilazodone Hydrochloride is a serotonin transporter (SER) inhibitor and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist.
Venlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class.Target: SNRIVenlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. First introduced by Wyeth in 1993, now marketed by Pfizer, it is licensed for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, and comorbid indications in certain anxiety disorders with depression. In 2007, venlafaxine was the sixth most commonly prescribed antidepressant on the U.S. retail market, with 17.2 million prescriptions.Venlafaxine is a bicyclic antidepressant, and usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). It works by blocking the transporter "reuptake" proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitters in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin and norepinephrine. Additionally, in high doses it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, with recent evidence showing that the norepinephrine transporter also transports some dopamine as well, since dopamine is inactivated by norepinephrine reuptake in the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex largely lacks dopamine transporters; therefore, venlafaxine can increase dopamine neurotransmission in this part of the brain. Venlafaxine interacts with opioid receptors (mu-, kappa1- kappa3- and delta-opioid receptor subtypes) as well as the alpha2-adrenergic receptor, and was shown to increase pain threshold in mice. When mice were tested with a hotplate analgesia meter (to measure pain), both venlafaxine and mirtazapine induced a dose-dependent, naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect following intraperitoneal injection. These findings suggest venlafaxine's seemingly superior efficacy in severe depression as narcotics become increasingly used as a measure of last resort for refractory cases.
Desmethyl Sibutramine hydrochloride, the secondary metabolite of Sibutramine, is an orally active norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor. Desmethyl Sibutramine hydrochloride can be used in the research of obesity and appetite suppressant[1][2][3][4].
Milnacipran hydrochloride is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia.Target: SNRIMilnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Dalcipran, Toledomin) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used in the clinical treatment of fibromyalgia. It is not approved for the clinical treatment of major depressive disorder in the USA, but it is in other countries.Milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in an approximately 1:3 ratio, respectively; in practical use this means a relatively balanced action upon bothneurotransmitters. Increasing both neurotransmitters concentration simultaneously works synergistically to treat both depression and fibromyalgia. Milnacipran exerts no significant actions onH1, α1, D1, D2, and mACh receptors, as well as on benzodiazepine and opioid binding sites. Milnacipran is well absorbed after oral dosing and has a bioavailability of 85%. Meals do not have an influence on the rapidity and extent of absorption. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2 hours after oral dosing. The elimination half-life of 8 hours is not increased by liver impairment and old age, but by significant renal disease. Milnacipran is conjugated to the inactive glucuronide and excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and conjugate. Only traces of active metabolites are found.
Sertraline hydrochloride is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.Target: SSRISertraline is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It was introduced to the market by Pfizer in 1991. Sertraline is primarily prescribed for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients as well as obsessive–compulsive, panic, and social anxiety disorders in both adults and children. In 2011, it was the second-most prescribed antidepressant on the U.S. retail market, with 37,208,000 prescriptions.Sertraline is used for a number of conditions including: major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), panic disorder and social phobia (social anxiety disorder). It has also been used for premature ejaculation and vascular headaches but evidence of the effectiveness in treating those conditions is less robust.
(S)-Venlafaxine is the (S)-configuration of Venlafaxine. Venlafaxine is an orally active, potent serotonin (5-HT)/norepinephrine (NE) reuptake dual inhibitor. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant agent[1].
Venlafaxine-d10 (Wy 45030-d10) is the deuterium labeled Venlafaxine hydrochloride. Venlafaxine (Wy 45030) hydrochloride is an orally active, potent serotonin (5-HT)/norepinephrine (NE) reuptake dual inhibitor. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant[1][2].
Indalpine (LM 5008) is a potent and selective 5-HT uptake blocker. Indalpine is potent in displacing 3H-5-HT bound to brain membranes with the IC50 of 36 μM[1]. Indalpine, two antidepressant agent[2].