T761-0184 is a potent α7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonist[1].
PDE4-IN-4 is a dual M3 (pIC50 = 10.2) antagonist-PDE4 (pIC50 = 8.8) inhibitor for the inhaled treatment of pulmonary diseases.
Didesmethyl cariprazine is a metabolite of Cariprazine and acts as the predominant circulating active moiety. Didesmethyl cariprazine has a long half-life of 1-3 weeks. Cariprazine is a antipsychotic drug candidate that exhibits high affinity for the D3 and D2 receptors, and moderate affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor[1].
Cenobamate, a sodium channel blocker, enhances GABAergic transmission and has the potential to be a versatile CNS drug.
Remimazolam benzenesulfonate is a GABA agonist。Target: GABA ReceptorRemimazolam acts on GABA receptor, specifically GABA-alpha. Remimazolam is a new drug innovation in anesthesia. Remimazolam combines the properties of two unique drugs already established in anesthesia - Midazolam and remifentanil. Remimazolam acts on GABA receptors like midazolam and has organ-independent metabolism like remifentanil. Remimazolam is likely to be the sedative of the future, as preliminary phase II trials have shown minimal residual effects on prolonged infusions. Remimazolam has potential to be used as a sedative in ICU and as a novel agent for procedural sedation.
Methacholine chloride is a synthetic choline ester that acts as a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system.
Flupirtine Maleate(D 9998) is a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties.IC50 Value: Target: Potassium channel; NMDA receptorin vitro: High concentrations of flupirtine antagonized inward currents to NMDA(200 microM) at -70 mV with an lC50 against steady-state responses of 182.1+/-12.1 microM. The effects of flupirtine were voltage-independent and not associated with receptor desensitization making actions within the NMDA receptor channel or at the glycine modulatory site unlikely. NMDA receptor antagonism probably has little relevance for the clinical efficacy of flupirtine as the concentrations needed were far higher than those achieved in clinical practice. However, the activation of a G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channel was identified as an interesting molecular target site of flupirtine. In the next stage, the central nervous spectrum of action of experimental K+ channel openers (PCO) was considered. As far as they have been studied, experimental K+ channel openers display a spectrum of action comparable to that of flupirtine [1]. Therapeutic flupirtine concentrations (≤10 μM) did not affect voltage-gated Na(+) or Ca(2+) channels, inward rectifier K(+) channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, glycine or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Flupirtine shifted the gating of K(V)7 K(+) channels to more negative potentials and the gating of GABA(A) receptors to lower GABA concentrations [2]. Cell exposure to flupirtine decreased the amplitude of delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K(DR))) with a concomitant raise in current inactivation in NSC-34 neuronal cells [4].in vivo: Rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10.0 mg/kg i.p., 10 min) from no drug under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.87 mg/kg. The opioid analgesics pentazocine, codeine and tramadol failed to produce flupirtine appropriate responding. The opioid antagonist naltrexone did not antagonize the discriminative effects of flupirtine [3]. Both morphine (ED50=0.74 mg/kg) and flupirtine (ED50=3.32 mg/kg) caused dose-related anti-hyperalgesia at doses that did not cause sedation [5]. Toxicity: Based on study-end data, hepatotoxicity was detected in 31% of patients receiving flupirtine for ≥ 6 weeks [6].
Pardoprunox hydrochloride is a novel partial dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, D2 (pKi = 8.1) and D3 receptor (pKi = 8.6) partial agonist and 5-HT1A receptor (pKi = 8.5) full agonist.IC50 value: 8.1/8.6/8.5 (pKi, for D2/ D3/5-HT1A receptor)Target: dopamine D2 and D3 receptor, 5-HT1A receptorin vitro: Pardoprunox also binds to D4 (pKi = 7.8), α1-adrenergic (pKi = 7.8), α2-adrenergic (pKi = 7.4), and 5-HT7 receptors (pKi = 7.2) with lower affinity. Pardoprunox acts as a potent but partial D(2) receptor agonist (pEC50 = 8.0 and pA2 = 8.4) with an efficacy of 50% on forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. At human recombinant dopamine D3 receptors, Pardoprunox acts as a partial agonist in the induction of [35S]GTPgammaS binding (intrinsic activity of 67%; pEC(50) = 9.2) and antagonized the dopamine induction of [35S]GTPgammaS binding (pA2 = 9.0). Pardoprunox acts as a full 5-HT1A receptor agonist on forskolin induced cAMP accumulation at cloned human 5-HT1A receptors but with low potency (pEC50 = 6.3) [1].in vivo: Pardoprunox induces contralateral turning behaviour in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (MED=0.03mg/kg; po). In MPTP-treated common marmosets, Pardoprunox dose-dependently increases locomotor activity (MED=0.03mg/kg; po) and decreases motor disability (MED=0.03mg/kg; po). In contrast Pardoprunox attenuated novelty-induced locomotor activity (MED=0.01mg/kg; po), (+)-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (MED=0.3mg/kg; po) and apomorphine-induced climbing (MED=0.6mg/kg; po) in rodents. Pardoprunox also induces 5-HT1A receptor-mediated behaviours, including flat body posture and lower lip retraction (MED=0.3mg/kg; po). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Pardoprunox possesses dopamine D2/3 partial agonist effects, 5-HT1A agonist effects and reduces parkinsonism in animal models. functional D2 receptor partial agonist activity and is effective in experimental models predictive of efficacy in PD.[2]
CS587 is a specific inhibitor of CaMK1D with neurocytotoxicity at 10 μM. CS587 modulates the sensitivity of neuronal cells to Aβ oligomer toxicity[1].
Pipamperone (Floropipamide; McN-JR 3345; R 3345) is a high-affinity antagonist of 5-HT2A receptor (pKi=8.2) and D4 receptor (pKi=8.0) and a low-affinity antagonist of D2 receptor (pKi=6.7)[1].
(+)-Dihydrexidine hydrochloride is a dopamine D1 receptor agonist with an EC50 of 72± 21 nM.
Bopindolol ((±)-Bopindolol) malonate is an orally active antagonist of β-adrenoceptors (ARs) with partial agonist activity. Bopindolol malonate is non-selective for β1- and β2-ARs and has low affinity for β3-AR subtype. Bopindolol malonate has intrinsic sympathomimetic as well as membrane stabilizing actions, inhibits renin secretion, and interacts with 5-HT receptors. Bopindolol malonate is a prodrug of Pindolol (HY-B0982). Bopindolol malonate can be used for essential and renovascular hypertension research[1][2][3][4].
Linalool is natural monoterpene in essential olis of coriander, acts as a competitive antagonist of Nmethyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, with anti-tumor, anti-cardiotoxicity activity[1].
Riluzole is an anticonvulsant drug and belongs to the family of use-dependent Na+ channel blocker which can also inhibit GABA uptake with an IC50 of 43 μM.
SCH 39166 hydrobromide (SCH391660) is potent and selective antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with Kis of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. SCH 39166 hydrobromide shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (Ki=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). SCH 39166 hydrobromide can be used for the research of schizophrenia, cocaine addition, and obesity[1].
LAS190792 (AZD8999) is a potent muscarinic antagonist and β2-adrenoceptor agonist with pIC50 8.9, 8.8, 8.8, 9.2, 8.2, 7.5, 9.1, 5.6 for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, β1, β2, β3, respectively. LAS190792 can be used as a bronchodilatorsup>[1].
Levemopamil hydrochloride is a blood-brain barrier penetrable calcium channel blocker and a 5-HT2 antagonist. Levemopamil hydrochloride can be used for temporary occlusion and neurological disease research[1].
Duloxetine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with Ki of 4.6 nM, used for treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Target: SNRIsDuloxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system. Duloxetine is also considered a less potent inhibitor of dopamine reuptake. However, duloxetine has no significant affinity for dopaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, opioid, glutamate, and GABA receptors and can therefore be considered to be a selective reuptake inhibitor at the 5-HT and NA transporters. Duloxetine undergoes extensive metabolism, but the major circulating metabolites do not contribute significantly to the pharmacologic activity. Major depressive disorder is believed to be due in part to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system. Antidepressants including ones with a similar mechanism of action as duloxetine, i.e. serotonin metabolism inhibition, cause a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine activity and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines; this mechanism may apply to duloxetine in its effect on depression but research on cytokines specific to duloxetine therapy is lacking [1]. The analgesic properties of duloxetine in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and central pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia are believed to be due to sodium ion channel blockade [2].
2-Hydroxyalbrassitriol (Compound 6) is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 35.97 μM[1].
Valorphin is an endogenous hemoglobin β-chain (33-39) fragment with opioid analgesic activity, binds to rat mu-opioid receptor, with an IC50 of 14 nM; Valorphin also shows anti-tumor activity.
Dehydroaripiprazole-d8-1 is the deuterium labeled Dehydroaripiprazole. Dehydroaripiprazole (OPC-14857) is an active metabolite of Aripiprazole. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic agent and is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 forming mainly Dehydroaripiprazole. Dehydroaripiprazole has with antipsychotic activity equivalent to Aripiprazole[1] [2] [3] [4] .
Org-10490 is an antagonist of dopamine D1 receptor and dopamine D2 receptor, used for the treatment for psychiatric disease.
Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
Pardoprunox(SLV-308) is a novel partial dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist; D2 (pKi = 8.1) and D3 receptor (pKi = 8.6) partial agonist (IA = 50% and 67%, respectively) and 5-HT1A receptor (pKi = 8.5) full agonist (IA = 100%); also binds to D4 (pKi = 7.8), α1-adrenergic (pKi = 7.8), α2-adrenergic (pKi = 7.4), and 5-HT7 receptors (pKi = 7.2) with lower affinity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: SLV308 acted as a potent but partial D(2) receptor agonist (pEC(50) = 8.0 and pA(2) = 8.4) with an efficacy of 50% on forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. At human recombinant dopamine D(3) receptors, SLV308 acted as a partial agonist in the induction of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (intrinsic activity of 67%; pEC(50) = 9.2) and antagonized the dopamine induction of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (pA(2) = 9.0). SLV308 acted as a full 5-HT(1) (A) receptor agonist on forskolin induced cAMP accumulation at cloned human 5-HT(1) (A) receptors but with low potency (pEC(50) = 6.3) [1].in vivo: Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS)-Motor score was improved in pardoprunox-treated patients (overall mean dose 23.8 mg/d; -7.3 points), as compared with placebo (-3.0 points; P = 0.0001), from baseline to end point. At end point, there were more responders (> or = 30% reduction in UPDRS-Motor score) in the pardoprunox group (50.7%) than in the placebo group (15.7%; P < 0.0001) [2]. Surprisingly in the SNc, pardoprunox (10 μg kg?1, i.v.) either partially or fully suppressed the firing activity in two separate populations of DA neurons. Finally, in the DRN, pardoprunox (5-40 μg kg-1, i.v.) completely suppressed the firing activity of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100,635 prevented and reversed the effects of pardoprunox [3].
Ritanserin (R 55667) is a highly potent, relatively selective, orally active, long acting antagonist of 5-HT2 receptor, with an IC50 of 0.9 nM, less active on Histamine H1, Dopamine D2, Adrenergic α1, Adrenergic α2 receptors[1].
cis-ACPD is a potent agonist of NMDA receptor, with an IC50 of 3.3 μM. And it is also a selective agonist of group II mGluR, with EC50s of 13 μM and 50 μM for mGluR2 and mGluR4, respectively[1][2].
β-Casomorphin, human is an opioid peptide, acts as an agonist of opioid receptor.
ML169 (VU0405652) is a potent, selective and brain penetrant positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M1 mAChR, with an EC50 of 1.38 µM. ML169 is a MLPCN probe and can be used for Alzheimer’s disease[1].
Thiocolchicoside is a competitive γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor antagonist and glycine receptor agonist in the central nervous system. Thiocolchicoside is a semisynthetic sulfur derivative of colchicoside. Thiocolchicoside is a muscle relaxant and has anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties[1].
Tiotropium Bromide (BA679 BR) is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist that blocks the binding of the acetylcholine ligand and subsequent opening of the ligand-gated ion channel.