Pilocarpine Hydrochloride is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Psoralenoside is a benzofuran glycoside from Psoralea corylifolia[1]. Psoralenoside exhibits high binding affinities against histaminergic H1, calmodulin, and voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (E-value≥-6.5 Kcal/mol)[2]. Psoralenoside shows estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity[3].
α-Conotoxin Im-I is a selective α7/α9 nAChR antagonist, blocking α7 nicotinic receptors with the highest apparent affinity, while having an 8-fold lower affinity for homomeric α9 nicotinic receptors. α-Conotoxin Im-I is toxic and induces seizures in rodents. α-Conotoxin Im-I is a tool for studying neuronal nAChR[1][2].
nAChR-IN-1 (hydrochloride) is a tetramethylpiperidine heptanoate, a selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) inhibitor that inhibits nAChRs lacking α5, α6, or β3 subunits. nAChR-IN-1 has the effect of preventing nerve disorder, can be used for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor dysfunction or neurological disorders research[1].
N-Methylcalycinine is a nature product with AChE inhibitory activity. N-Methylcalycinine can be isolated from the roots of Stephania epigaea. N-Methylcalycinine can be used for the research of asthma, cancer, dysentery, fever, hyperglycemia, intestinal complaints, inflammation, sleep disturbances, tuberculosis and so on[1].
Eticlopride hydrochloride, a selective dopamine D2‐like receptor antagonist, exhibits high affinity for dopamine D2, α1‐adrenergic, α2‐adrenergic, 5HT1, 5HT2 receptors with Kis of 0.09, 112, 699, 6220, and 830 nM, respectively. Antipsychotic agent[1].
Nomifensine maleate is a selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake, used in adult attention deficit disorder.
Ziprasidone Hcl(CP-88059 Hcl) is a combined 5-HT (serotonin) and dopamine receptor antagonist which exhibits potent effects of antipsychotic activity.Target: 5-HT receptor; Dopamine receptorZiprasidone (hydrochloride) is the salt form of ziprasidone, which possesses an in vitro 5-HT2A/dopamine D2 receptor affinity ratio higher than any clinically available antipsychotic agent. In vivo, ziprasidone antagonizes 5-HT2A receptor-induced head twitch with 6-fold higher potency than for blockade of d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, a measure of central dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. Ziprasidone also has high affinity for the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes, which may further enhance its therapeutic potential [1]. Ziprasidone sulfoxide and sulfone were the major metabolites in human serum. The affinities of the sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites for 5-HT2 and D2 receptors are low with respect to ziprasidone, and are thus unlikely to contribute to its antipsychotic effects [2]. Ziprasidone was associated with significant differential adverse effects relative to placebo in BPM, BPD, and schizophrenia with no significant difference in weight gain in all 3 groups. Self-reported somnolence was increased across the 3 conditions. Subjects with BPM were more vulnerable to EPS than those with BPD or schizophrenia [3].Clinical indications: Bipolar I disorder; Bipolar disorder; Mania; SchizophreniaFDA Approved Date: February 2001
N20C hydrochloride is a selective and noncompetitive open NMDA receptor open channel blocker, with micromolar affinity, fast on-off blockade kinetics, and strong voltage dependence. Neuroprotective activity[1].
Molindone ((±)-Molindone), an indole derivative, is a potent dopamine D2 and D5 receptor antagonist. Molindone ((±)-Molindone) can be used for the research of schizophrenia and severe mental illness[1][2].
E 2012 is a potent γ-secretase modulator.IC50 value:Target: γ-secretaseIn the present study, 9 dogs were treated with a single dose of the γ-secretase modulator E2012, the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, or vehicle with a dosing interval of 1 week. The isoform Aβ(1-37) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to treatment with E2012, while Aβ(1-39), Aβ(1-40) and A(1-42) decreased [1].E2012, a gamma secretase modulator without affecting Notch processing, aimed at Alzheimer's disease by reduction of amyloid β-42, induced cataract following repeated doses in the rat.E2012 inhibits 3β-hydroxysterol Δ24-reductase (DHCR24) at the final step in the cholesterol biosynthesis. In vivo lenticular concentration of E2012 after 13-week repeated dose with cataract was well above those where inhibition was observed in vitro.E2012 induces cataract in the rat by inhibiting DHCR24 at the final step of cholesterol synthesis with associated elevation in desmosterol within the lens, preceded by desmosterol changes that would serve as a predictive safety biomarker for lenticular opacity [2].
Desmethylclozapine-d8 (Norclozapine-d8) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride. N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride is a major active metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic drug Clozapine. N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride is a potent, allosteric and partial M1 receptors agonist (EC50=115 nM) and is able to potentiate hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents through M1 receptor activation. N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride is also a δ-opioid agonist[1][2][3].
Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors[1].
Flupirtine(D 9998) is a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties.IC50 Value: Target: Potassium channel; NMDA receptorin vitro: High concentrations of flupirtine antagonized inward currents to NMDA(200 microM) at -70 mV with an lC50 against steady-state responses of 182.1+/-12.1 microM. The effects of flupirtine were voltage-independent and not associated with receptor desensitization making actions within the NMDA receptor channel or at the glycine modulatory site unlikely. NMDA receptor antagonism probably has little relevance for the clinical efficacy of flupirtine as the concentrations needed were far higher than those achieved in clinical practice. However, the activation of a G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channel was identified as an interesting molecular target site of flupirtine. In the next stage, the central nervous spectrum of action of experimental K+ channel openers (PCO) was considered. As far as they have been studied, experimental K+ channel openers display a spectrum of action comparable to that of flupirtine [1]. Therapeutic flupirtine concentrations (≤10 ?M) did not affect voltage-gated Na(+) or Ca(2+) channels, inward rectifier K(+) channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, glycine or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Flupirtine shifted the gating of K(V)7 K(+) channels to more negative potentials and the gating of GABA(A) receptors to lower GABA concentrations [2]. Cell exposure to flupirtine decreased the amplitude of delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K(DR))) with a concomitant raise in current inactivation in NSC-34 neuronal cells [4].in vivo: Rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10.0 mg/kg i.p., 10 min) from no drug under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.87 mg/kg. The opioid analgesics pentazocine, codeine and tramadol failed to produce flupirtine appropriate responding. The opioid antagonist naltrexone did not antagonize the discriminative effects of flupirtine [3]. Both morphine (ED?? =?0.74?mg/kg) and flupirtine (ED???=?3.32?mg/kg) caused dose-related anti-hyperalgesia at doses that did not cause sedation [5]. Toxicity: Based on study-end data, hepatotoxicity was detected in 31% of patients receiving flupirtine for ≥ 6 weeks [6].
Luzindole (N-0774) is a selective melatonin receptor antagonist. Luzindole preferentially targets MT2 (Mel1b) over MT1 (Mel1a) with Ki values of 10.2 and 158 nM for human MT2 and MT1, respectively. Luzindole suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and exerts antidepressant-like activity[1][2][3].
Irsogladine is a PDE4 inhibitor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binder.Target: PDE4; mACHRIrsogladine treatment (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of angiogenesis in wild-type mice by 21 and 45.3% (P < 0.02, P < 0.001), in tPA-deficient mice by 42.6 and 46% (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and in uPA-deficient mice by 27.2 and 46% (P < 0.05, p < 0.001), respectively. Irsogladine inhibits bFGF-induced angiogenesis in wild-type, tPA-knockout, and uPA-knockout mice [1]. Irsogladine up-regulates GJIC between PC cells via regulation of the PKA pathway. It also suggests a useful adjuvant of Irsogladine to pancreatic cancer therapy [2]. irsogladine produces the increase of intracellular cAMP content via non-selective inhibition of PDE isozymes, which may be a key mechanism involved in its gastroprotective actions [3].
NS1738 is a novel positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nAChR, with respect to positive modulation of α7 nAChR (EC50=3.4 μM in oocyte experiments).
MAO-IN-1 is a monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM.
Dapoxetine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Dapoxetine[1]. Dapoxetine (LY-210448) is an orally active and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Dapoxetine can be used for the research of premature ejaculation (PE)[2].
Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone) is a dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class of medications. IC50 value:Target: dopamine receptorin vitro: Paliperidone inhibited MK-801 induced neurotoxicity both in MTT metabolism assay (p<0.01) and in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay (p<0.01). Moreover, paliperidone could significantly retard MK-801-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth (p<0.01) and reverse MK-801-induced decreases of gene expression and phosphorylation of Akt1 and GSK3β (both p<0.01). Furthermore, these protective effects of paliperidone were blocked by pretreatment with a PI3K inhibitor LY294002 [1]. paliperidone works finely at low concentrations (10 and 50 μM) against Aβ(25-35) and MPP(+) and solely protected SH-SY5Y from hydrogen peroxide. At 100 μM, paliperidone completely diminished cell reduction induced by different stressors, regardless of their dosages. Paliperidone was demonstrated with a higher oxidative stress-scavenging properties than other APDs in several aspects, such as generated bulk glutathione, low HNE, and protein carbonyl productions [2].in vivo: The 9OHRIS (4 mg/bwkg) was administred by gastric tube. Four groups were formed depending on the treatment: (1) control, (2) stress, (3) 9OHRIS, (4) stress and parallel 9OHRIS treatment (n=5-6). The expression of APP, MAPK1, β-actin mRNAs from the perfused brain samples was measured with real-time PCR technique [3].Male offspring were treated orally via drinking water with vehicle, risperidone (0.01mg/kg/day), or paliperidone (0.01mg/kg/day) between postnatal days 35 and 56 (periadolescence) and extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex were determined by microdialysis at PD 56 [4].
Phyllomedusin, an tachykinin decapeptide, is a NK1 receptor agonist. Phyllomedusin has vasodilating activity and provokes the contraction of the pylorus[1][2][3].
Pipenzolate bromide is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, preventing acetyl choline from binding to the receptors.
Rivastigmine tartrate, an cholinesterase inhibitor(IC50= 5.5 uM), inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesteraseIC50 value: 5.5 uMTarget: AChERivastigmine is a parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agent for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and dementia due to Parkinson's disease. The drug can be administered orally or via a transdermal patch; the latter form reduces the prevalence of side effects, which typically include nausea and vomiting. The drug is eliminated through the urine, and appears to have relatively few drug-drug interactions. Rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. It is thought to work by inhibiting these cholinesterase enzymes, which would otherwise break down the brain chemical acetylcholine.
VU6000918 is a muscarinic acetylcholine (M4) positive allosteric modulator, with an EC50 of 19 nM for hM4[1].
Mosapride citrate is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist.Target: 5HT4 Mosapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist. The major active metabolite of mosapride, known as M1, additionally acts as a 5HT3 antagonist, which accelerates gastric emptying throughout the whole of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, and is used for the treatment of gastritis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. It is recommended to be taken on an empty stomach (i.e. at least one hour before food or two hours after food).In addition to its prokinetic properties, mosapride also exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal tract which may contribute to some of its therapeutic effects. Mosapride also promotes neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract which may prove useful in certain bowel disorders. The neurogenesis is due to mosapride's effect on the 5-HT4 receptor where it acts as an agonist.Its common side effects include dry mouth, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, insomnia, malaise, nausea, diarrhoea and sometimes constipation. Unlike some other prokinetic agents, mosapride has little effect on potassium channels, no effect on hERG transfected cells, and no effect on cardiovascular function that could be detected in tests on humans. Due to the pharmacokinetics of mosapride, it would take 1,000 - 3,000 times the therapeutic dose to elicit cardiovascular effects.
Fluvoxamine maleate is an antidepressant which functions pharmacologically as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.Target: SSRIsFluvoxamine (maleate) is the maleate salt form of fluvoxamine, which is effective in inhibiting 5-HT uptake by blood platelets and brain synaptosomes. The antagonism by fluvoxamine of the reserpine-induced lowering of the pentamethylenetetrazole convulsive threshold can be regarded as due to an effect upon 5-HT uptake. In contrast to the effects of desmethylimipramine and imipramine, no stimulatory effects are found in rats when rapidly acting reserpine-like compounds are given following a dose of fluvoxamine [1]. fluvoxamine appears to improve combat-related PTSD symptoms but not depressive symptoms. The high attrition rate and lack of a placebo group limits the conclusions of our study. Controlled studies of fluvoxamine in the treatment of PTSD are warranted [2]. Fluvoxamine was less potent at decreasing ethanol self-administration when food was available concurrently versus when ethanol was available in isolation [ED50: 4.0 (2.7-5.9) and 5.1 (4.3-6.0)]. Effects on food were similar under each condition in which food was available. The results demonstrate that the potency of fluvoxamine in reducing ethanol-maintained behavior depends on whether ethanol is available in isolation or in the context of concurrently scheduled food reinforcement [3].Clinical indications: Depression; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Social phobia " FDA Approved Date: December 5, 1994Toxicity: Anorexia, Constipation, Dry mouth, Headache, Nausea, Nervousness, Skin rash, Sleep problems, Somnolence, Liver toxicity, Mania, Increase urination, Seizures, Sweating increase, Tremors, or Tourette's syndrome.
Cinitapride monotartrate is a 5-HT1A and 5-HT4 agonist. Cinitapride monotartrate is also a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist. Cinitapride monotartrate can be used for the research of functional dyspepsia[1][2].
Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM.
Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3) is a potent and non-competitive mAChR and adrenoceptors antagonist with pIC50s of 6.71, 8.79, 8.86, 7.57, 8.13, 8.49, <6.5, 7.29 against M1, M4, α1A, α1B, α1D,α2A,α2B and α2C receptors, respectively. Muscarinic toxin 3 displays prominent adrenoceptor activity[1].
MIDD0301 is a potent, positive allosteric, α5β3γ2 selective, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) ligand with EC50 of 17 nM, shows no significant binding at the peripheral GABAAR at 10 uM; causes amplification of GABA induced current mediated by α1-3,5β3γ2 GABAARs in the presence of MIDD0301 in automated patch clamp test; relaxes airway smooth muscle at single micromolar concentrations as demonstrated with ex vivo guinea pig tracheal rings, also attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in an ovalbumin murine model of asthma by oral administration, with low brain distribution; reduces lung cytokine expression of IL-17A, IL-4, and TNF-α, as wells as the number of CD4+ T cells.