Ethosuximide-d5 is deuterium labeled Ethosuximide. Ethosuximide, a widely prescribed anti-epileptic drug, improves the phenotypes of multiple neurodegenerative disease models and blocks the low voltage activated T-type calcium channel.
Psoralenoside is a benzofuran glycoside from Psoralea corylifolia[1]. Psoralenoside exhibits high binding affinities against histaminergic H1, calmodulin, and voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (E-value≥-6.5 Kcal/mol)[2]. Psoralenoside shows estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity[3].
1-Octanol-d2 is the deuterium labeled 1-Octanol[1]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[2]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[3].
Paxilline is an indole alkaloid mycotoxin from Penicillium paxilli, acts as a potent BK channels inhibitor by an almost exclusively closed-channel block mechanism. Paxilline also inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) with IC50s between 5μM and 50μM for differing isoforms. Paxilline possesses significant anticonvulsant activity[1][2][3].
β-Amino Acid Imagabalin Hydrochloride (PD-0332334) is a ligand for the α2δ subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel.
1-Octanol-d17 is the deuterium labeled 1-Octanol[1]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[2]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[3].
CDN1163 is a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activator.
ω-Conotoxin MVIIC is a N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channel blocker, significantly suppresses the 11-keto-βboswellic acid-mediated inhibition of glutamate release[1].
Z944 is a T-type calcium channel antagonist that rescues impairments in crossmodal and visual recognition memory.
Budiodarone (ATI-2042) tartrate is a chemical analogue of Amiodarone (HY-14187) with balanced, multiple cardiac ion channel (potassium, sodium and calcium channels) inhibiting activity. Budiodarone tartrate is an antiarrhythmic agent[1].
L-Phenylalanine is an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels with a Ki of 980 nM. IC50 Value: 980 nM [1]Target: Calcium ChannelL-Phenylalanine (LPA) is an electrically neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form proteins. In the brain, L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist at the glycine binding site of NMDA receptor and at the glutamate binding site of AMPA receptor [2, 3]. At the glycine binding site of NMDA receptor L-phenylalanine has an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (KB) of 573 ?M estimated by Schild regression [4] which is considerably lower than brain L-phenylalanine concentration observed in untreated human phenylketonuria [5]. L-Phenylalanine also inhibits neurotransmitter release at glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and cortex with IC50 of 980 nM, a brain concentration seen in classical phenylketonuria, whereas D-phenylalanine has a significantly smaller effect [3].
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a neurotoxic secondary metabolite (SM) made by A. flavus, is a nanomolar inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA) and a potent inducer of cell death in plants[1].
Ruthenium red (Ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) is a polycationic dye widely used for electron microscopy (EM) of cells, tissues and vegetative bacteria. Ruthenium red strongly reacts with phospholipids and fatty acids and binds to acidic mucopolysaccharides. Ruthenium red is a L-type calcium current (ICa) blocker[1][2].
(R)-IDHP is an isomer of IDHP, a salvia metabolite that exerts vasorelaxant effects by inhibiting Ca2+ release and Ca2+ inward flow in voltage-dependent and receptor-operated calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. IDHP is used in studies of cardiovascular disease[1].
(R)-lercanidipine D3 (hydrochloride) is a deuterium labeled (R)-Lercanidipine hydrochloride. (R)-Lercanidipine D3 (hydrochloride), the R-enantiomer of Lercanidipine, is a calcium channel blocker[1].
MRS1845 is a Ca2+ channel blocker with relative specificity for store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channels[1].
Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels.
Ethacrynic acid D5 is a deuterium labeled Ethacrynic acid. Ethacrynic acid is a diuretic. Ethacrynic acid is an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Ethacrynic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kB-signaling pathway, and also modulates leukotriene formation. Ethacrynic acid also inhibits L-type voltage-dependent and store-operated calcium channel, leading to relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Ethacrynic acid has anti-inflammatory properties that reduces the retinoid-induced ear edema in mice[1][2][3][4].
Taurolithocholic acid-d4 is deuterium labeled Taurolithocholic acid.
Manidipine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Manidipine. Manidipine is a calcium channel blocker that is used clinically as an antihypertensive[1][2].
SAK3 (T-VGCC enhancer SAK3) is a potent, orally acitve enhancer of T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (T-VGCC), enhances CaV3.1 and CaV3.3, but not CaV3.2 activity at concentrations of 0.01-10 nM in neuro2A cells in vitro; significantly enhanced acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampal CA1 region of naïve mice (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.); significantly enhanced hippocampal ACh levels in olfactory-bulbectomized (OBX) mice, rescuing impaired memory-related behaviors.
ω-Conotoxin CVIA, a 27 amino acid neuropeptide toxin, is an voltage sensitive calcium channels blocker[1].
Nisoldipine-d7 (BAY-k 5552-d7) is the deuterium labeled Nisoldipine. Nisoldipine(BAY-k 5552) is a calcium channel blocker belonging to the dihydropyridines class, specific for L-type Cav1.2 with IC50 of 10 nM[1][2].
Ziconotide acetate (SNX-111 acetate), a peptide, is a potent and selective block of N-type calcium channels antagonist. Ziconotide acetate reduces synaptic transmission, and can be used for chronic pain research[1].
Lercanidipine hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.Target: Calcium ChannelLercanidipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class, which works by relaxing and opening the blood vessels allowing the blood to circulate more freely around the body. Lercanidipine was effective and well-tolerated in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension in the daily practice. The effectiveness and safety of the drug were independent of the degree of cardiovascular risk [1, 2].
(S)-Lercanidipine hydrochloride is the S-enantiomer of Lercanidipine hydrochloride. (S)-lercanidipine hydrochloride is a potent calcium channel blocker[1].
Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is a skeletal muscle relaxant which acts by blocking muscle contraction beyond the neuromuscular junction. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is a inhibitor of calcium channel proteins, inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm.
Benidipine is a potent and orally active calcium channel antagonist[1]. Benidipine shows anti-apoptosis effects in ischaemic/reperfused myocardial cells[2]. Benidipine increases the activity of endothelial cell-type nitric oxide synthase and improves coronary circulation in hypertensive rats[3].
Gabapentin enacarbil (XP-13512) is a prodrug for the anticonvulsant and analgesic drug gabapentin.IC50 Value: Target: Calcium ChannelGabapentin enacarbil is an actively transported prodrug of gabapentin that provides sustained dose-proportional exposure to gabapentin and predictable bioavailability.in vitro: The prodrug (XP-13512) demonstrated active apical to basolateral transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers and pH-dependent passive permeability across artificial membranes. XP13512 inhibited uptake of (14)C-lactate by human embryonic kidney cells expressing monocarboxylate transporter type-1, and direct uptake of prodrug by these cells was confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. XP13512 inhibited uptake of (3)H-biotin into Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) [1].in vivo: In 4 studies of healthy volunteers (136 subjects total), the pharmacokinetics of XP13512 immediate- and extended-release formulations were compared with those of oral gabapentin. XP13512 immediate-release (up to 2800 mg single dose and 2100 mg twice daily) was well absorbed (>68%, based on urinary recovery of gabapentin), converted rapidly to gabapentin, and provided dose-proportional exposure, whereas absorption of oral gabapentin declined with increasing doses to <27% at 1200 mg. Compared with 600 mg gabapentin, an equimolar XP13512 extended-release dose provided extended gabapentin exposure (time to maximum concentration, 8.4 vs 2.7 hours) and superior bioavailability (74.5% vs 36.6%) [2].Toxicity: Gabapentin's most common side effects in adult patients include dizziness, fatigue, weight gain, drowsiness, and peripheral edema (swelling of extremities).
CaV1.3 antagonist-1 is a potent and highly selective CaV1.3 L-type calcium channel (LTCC) antagonist with an IC50 of 1.7 μM. CaV1.3 antagonist-1 inhibits CaV1.3 LTCC >600-fold more potently than CaV1.2 LTCC. CaV1.3 antagonist-1, a cyclopentyl derivative, has the potential for Parkinson's disease research[1].