Dronedarone hydrochloride is a non-iodinated amiodarone derivative that inhibits Na+, K+ and Ca2+ currents.
Oxiracetam is a cyclic derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which has been commonly used as nootropic drug to treat cognitive impairments.
SB-366791 is a potent , competitive and selective vanilloid receptor (VR1/TRPV1) antagonist with IC50 of 5.7±1.2 nMtarget: VR1/TRPV1IC 50: 5.7±1.2 nM [1] SB-366791 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the response to capsaicin with an apparent pKb of 7.74±0.08. Schild analysis indicated a competitive mechanism of action with a pA2 of 7.71.[1] SB-366791 showed a concentration-dependent potentiation of pH 5-induced 45Ca2+uptake in CHO cells expressing rat TRPV1 but not in untransfected cells[2]
Lupanin (D-Lupanine) is a natural ketonic derivative of Sparteine ((+)-Sparteine (HY-W008350)) with a ganglioplegic activity. Lupanine shows binding affinity for nicotinic receptor (nAChR) with a Ki value of 500 nM[1].
Dronedarone D6 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Dronedarone. Dronedarone hydrochloride, a derivative of Amiodarone (HY-14187), is a class III antiarrhythmic agent for the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone hydrochloride is a potent blocker of multiple ion currents, including potassium current, sodium current, and L-type calcium current, and exhibits antiadrenergic effects by noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Dronedarone hydrochloride is a substrate for and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4[1][2][3][4].
GX-674 is a potent, state-dependent, isoform-selective voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) antagonist with an IC50 of 0.1 nM at -40 mV[1].
Rilmazafone is a benzodiazepine (omega) ligand with sedative and hypnotic effects[1].
PNU-282987 S enantiomer free base is the S-enantiomer of PNU-282987 free base. PNU-282987 is an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonist.
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling[1][2][3][4][5].
Aniracetam(Ro 13-5057) is a nootropics and neuroprotective drug, which is selectively modulates the AMPA receptor and nAChR.Target: AMPA; nAChRAniracetam is an ampakine and nootropic of the racetam chemical class purported to be considerably more potent than piracetam. It selectively modulates the AMPA receptor. It is lipid soluble and has possible cognition enhancing effects. It has been tested in animals extensively, Alzheimer's patients and temporarily-impaired healthy subjects. It has shown potential as an anxiolytic in three clinical animal models [1].Administration of aniracetam for 10 days (post-natal days (PND) 18-27), at a dose of 50 mg/kg reversed cognitive deficits in both rat genders, indicated by a significant increase in the number of avoidances and the number of 'good learners'. After the termination of the nootropic treatment, a significant increase in both amplitude and frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated mEPSCs in hippocampal CA-1 pyramidal cells was observed [2].Clinical indications: Cognitive disorder; StrokeFDA Approved Date: Toxicity: insomnia; headaches; nausea or rash.
Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline) methochloride is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methochloride induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methochloride can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Fenamic acid is a chloride channel blocker[1].
Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a pharmaceutical drug, specifically a GABA analog. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy, and currently is also used to relieve neuropathic pain.IC50 Value: 140 nM (α2δ subunit of calcium channel) [1]Target: Calcium Channelin vitro: Gabapentin, baclofen and CGP 44532 all reduced the electrically stimulated release of [3H]glutamic acid (IC50=20 microM, 0.8 microM and 2 microM, respectively). Gabapentin was without effect on the release of [3H]GABA, whilst baclofen (IC50=8 microM) and CGP 44532 (IC50=1 microM) inhibited [3H]GABA release [2]. A large inhibition of calcium currents by gabapentin was observed in pyramidal neocortical cells (up to 34%). Significantly, the gabapentin-mediated inhibition of calcium currents saturated at particularly low concentrations (around 10 microM), at least in neocortical neurons (IC50 about 4 microM) [3].in vivo: Gabapentin produced an anti-allodynic effect over the 7-day period, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but increasing the expression of IL-10 (TNF-α, 316.0 ± 69.7 pg/mL vs 88.8 ± 24.4 pg/mL; IL-1β, 1,212.9 ± 104.5 vs 577.4 ± 97.1 pg/mL; IL-6, 254.0 ± 64.8 pg/mL vs 125.5 ± 44.1 pg/mL; IL-10, 532.1 ± 78.7 pg/mL vs 918.9 ± 63.1 pg/mL). The suppressive effect of gabapentin on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was partially blocked by the anti-IL-10 antibody [4].Toxicity: No new safety signals or adverse event trends relating to GEn exposure were identified [5].Clinical trial: N/A
Alogabat (example 8) is a GABAA α5 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) (extracted from patent WO2018104419A1)[1].
Quinidine is an antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine is a potent, orally active, selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor. Quinidine is also a K+ channel blocker with an IC50 of 19.9 μM. Quinidine can be used for malaria research[1][2][3].
1,4-Cineole is a widely distributed, natural, oxygenated monoterpene[1]. 1,4-Cineole, present in eucalyptus oil, activates both human TRPM8 and human TRPA1[2].
CP-409092 is a GABA(A) partial agonist, used for the treatment of anxiety.
Sodium Channel inhibitor 4 is a sodium channel inhibitor[1].
Minoxidil sulfate, a potent and ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, is the sulfated metabolite of minoxidil. Minoxidil sulfate is considered as a vasodilator to promote hair growth in vivo[1][3].
Astemizole, a second-generation antihistamine drug to diminish allergic symptoms with a long duration of action, is a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, with an IC50 of 4 nM. Astemizole also shows potent hERG K+ channel blocking activity with an IC50 of 0.9 nM. Astemizole has anticholinergic and antipruritic effects[1][2].
PHA 568487 free base is a selective alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7 nAchR) agonist. PHA 568487 free base reduces neuroinflammation[1][2][3].
Barnidipine (Mepirodipine) is an L-type calcium antagonist (CaA) with high affinity for [3H] initrendipine binding sites (Ki=0.21 nmol/l), has selective action against CaA receptors[1].Barnidipine (Mepirodipine) is an antihypertensive drug and acts by the reduction of peripheral vascular resistance secondary to its vasodilatory action[2].
P-CAB agent 2 is a potent and orally active potassium-competitive acid blocker and a gastric acid secretion inhibitor. P-CAB agent 2 inhibits H+/K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 value of <100 nM. P-CAB agent 2 inhibits the hERG potassium channel with an IC50 value of 18.69 M. P-CAB agent 2 shows no acute toxicity and inhibits histamine (HY-B1204)-induced gastric acid secretion[1].
BCRP/ABCG2-IN-1 is the inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), with IC50 of 5.98 μM, that can be used in multidrug resistance of breast cancer[1].
Glycine-13C is the 13C-labeled Glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
FG8119 is a novel benzodiazepine agonist extracted from patent US 4745112 A.
Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a pharmaceutical drug, specifically a GABA analog. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy, and currently is also used to relieve neuropathic pain.IC50 Value: 140 nM (α2δ subunit of calcium channel) [1]Target: Calcium Channelin vitro: Gabapentin, baclofen and CGP 44532 all reduced the electrically stimulated release of [3H]glutamic acid (IC50=20 microM, 0.8 microM and 2 microM, respectively). Gabapentin was without effect on the release of [3H]GABA, whilst baclofen (IC50=8 microM) and CGP 44532 (IC50=1 microM) inhibited [3H]GABA release [2]. A large inhibition of calcium currents by gabapentin was observed in pyramidal neocortical cells (up to 34%). Significantly, the gabapentin-mediated inhibition of calcium currents saturated at particularly low concentrations (around 10 microM), at least in neocortical neurons (IC50 about 4 microM) [3].in vivo: Gabapentin produced an anti-allodynic effect over the 7-day period, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but increasing the expression of IL-10 (TNF-α, 316.0 ± 69.7 pg/mL vs 88.8 ± 24.4 pg/mL; IL-1β, 1,212.9 ± 104.5 vs 577.4 ± 97.1 pg/mL; IL-6, 254.0 ± 64.8 pg/mL vs 125.5 ± 44.1 pg/mL; IL-10, 532.1 ± 78.7 pg/mL vs 918.9 ± 63.1 pg/mL). The suppressive effect of gabapentin on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was partially blocked by the anti-IL-10 antibody [4].Toxicity: No new safety signals or adverse event trends relating to GEn exposure were identified [5].Clinical trial: N/A
JNJ-17203212 is a novel and selective TRPV1 antagonist, with IC50 of 65 nM and 102 nM for human TRPV1 and rat TRPV1.IC50 value: 65 nM (human TRPV1), 102 nM (rat TRPV1)Target: TRPVin vivo: JNJ-17203212 reduces sensitivity to luminal distension in both an acute, noninflammatory and a chronic, post-inflammatory rodent model of colonic hypersensitivity. Throughout this study, colonic sensitivity was assessed via quantification of VMR to CRD in rats following a single, oral administration of JNJ-17203212 (3, 10 or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle. [1] Oral pretreatment with JNJ-17203212 is a novel and selective TRPV1 antagonist, with partially prevents core hypothermia evoked by sc capsaicin. Oral pretreatment with JNJ-17203212 is a novel and selective TRPV1 antagonist, with partially prevents capsaicin-evoked hypothermia in a dose-response manner. [2]
Yangambin, a furofuran lignan, is already isolated from plants such as member of the Annonaceae family, including species of the genus Rollinia: R. pickeli, R. exalbidaand R. mucosa, as well from the Magnolia biondii. Yangambin, a selective PAF receptor antagonist, inhibits Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, leading to the reduction in [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells and consequent peripheral vasodilation[1]. Yangambin exhibits the antiallergic activity against β-hexosaminidase release with an IC50 of 33.8 μM and for anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 37.4 μM[2].
κ-Bungarotoxin (κ-Bgt) is a potent, selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of α3β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with an IC50 of 2.30 nM[1].