Angiotensin II (1-4), human is an endogenous peptide produced from AT I by angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II binds the AT II type 1 (AT1) receptor, stimulating GPCRs in vascular smooth muscle cells and increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels. Angiotensin II also acts at the Na+/H+ exchanger in the proximal tubules of the kidney[1][2].
Telmisartan is a potent, long lasting antagonist of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), selectively inhibiting the binding of 125I-AngII to AT1 receptors with IC50 of 9.2 nM.
(Sar1)-Angiotensin II, an analogue of Angiotensin II, is a specific agonist of angiotensin AT1 receptor. (Sar1)-Angiotensin II binds to brain membrane-rich particles, with a Kd of 2.7 nM. (Sar1)-Angiotensin II can stimulate protein synthesis and cell growth in embryonic chick myocytes[1][2][3].
Losartan D4 is the deuterium labeled Losartan. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, competing with the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors with IC50 of 20 nM.
Azilsartan mepixetil potassium (QR-01019K) is the antagonist of angiotensin II receptor. Azilsartan mepixetil potassium has stronger and longer blood pressure effect, more abvious and longer lasting heart rate lowering effect and high safety. Azilsartan mepixetil potassium has the potential for the research of hypertension, chronic heart failure and diabetic nephropathy (extracted from patent CN107400122A)[1].
Azilsartan(TAK-536) is a specific and potent angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 2.6 nM.IC50 Value: 2.6 nM [1]Target: AT1 receptorin vitro: Azilsartan inhibited the specific binding of 125I-Sar1-Ile8-AII to human angiotensin type 1 receptors with an IC50 of 2.6 nM. The inhibitory effect of AZL persisted after washout of the free compound (IC(50) value of 7.4 nM). AZL also inhibited the accumulation of AII-induced inositol 1-phosphate (IP1) in the cell-based assay with an IC50 value of 9.2 nmol; this effect was resistant to washout (IC50 value of 81.3 nM). Olmesartan and valsartan inhibited IP1 accumulation with IC50 values of 12.2 and 59.8 nM, respectively [1]. Azilsartan is not readily biodegradable. Results of the water sediment study demonstrated significant shifting of azilsartan metabolites to sediment. Based on the equilibrium partitioning method, metabolites are unlikely to pose a risk to sediment-dwelling organisms [2].in vivo: In 4 randomized controlled trials (3 published to date), azilsartan medoxomil/chlorthalidone 40 mg/12.5 mg and 40 mg/25 mg reduced blood pressure (BP) significantly more than comparators did, including an approximately 5-mm Hg greater BP reduction than olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide 40 mg/25 mg and azilsartanmedoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide [3]. Both TAK-536 and candesartan suppressed the increase in plasma glucose level in the OGTT without significant change in insulin concentration and improved insulin sensitivity. In adipose tissue, TAK-536 and candesartan reduced TNF-alpha expression but increased the expression of adiponectin, PPARgamma, C/EBalpha, and aP2 [4].Clinical trial: New Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Azilsartan Study for Stronger Blood Pressure Lowering . Phase4
Olodanrigan (EMA401), a highly selective AT2R antagonist, inhibition of augmented AngII/AT2R induced p38 and p42/p44 MAPK activation, and hence inhibition of DRG neuron hyperexcitability and sprouting of DRG neurons.
Trans-Tranilast is an antiallergic drug, used to treat bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis.Target: Angiotensin ReceptorTranilast has been approved in Japan and South Korea, since 1982, for the treatment of bronchial asthma, with indications for keloids and hypertrophic scar added in 1993. Tranilast is also used to treat asthma, autoimmune diseases, atopic and fibrotic pathologies, and can also inhibit angiogenesis. The antiproliferative properties of tranilast were found that tranilast elicited an inhibitory effect on fibroblast proliferation in vitro and also suppressed collagen production both in vitro and in vivo . Tranilast also reduced the release of chemical mediators from mast cells and suppressed hypersensitivity reactions. [1]Three-week-old C57Bl/10 and mdx mice received tranilast (~300 mg/kg) in their food for 9 weeks, after which fibrosis was assessed through histological analyses, and functional properties of tibialis anterior muscles were assessed in situ and diaphragm muscle strips in vitro. Tranilast administration did not significantly alter the mass of any muscles in control or mdx mice, but it decreased fibrosis in the severely affected diaphragm muscle by 31% compared with untreated mdx mice (P< 0.05) [2].
CGP-42112(CGP-42112A) is a potent Angiotensin-II subtype 2 receptor(AT2 R) agonist.IC50 value:Target: AT2 R agonistin vitro: CGP42112 (>==1 nM) significantly inhibited cGMP production from the basal value. CGP42112 (>==1 nM) significantly inhibited TH-enzyme activity from the basal value. These inhibitory effects of CGP42112 on TH-enzyme activity and-cGMP production were abolished by PD123319 (AT(2)-R antagonist) while CV-11974 (AT(1)-R antagonist) was ineffective [1]. [125I]CGP 42112 bound selectively to the AT2 angiotensin II receptor subtype. [125I]CGP 42112 bound with higher affinity in the brain than in the adrenal. beta-Mercaptoethanol enhanced [125I]CGP 42112 binding in the brain, but did not alter its binding in the adrenal [2]. [125I]CGP 42112 bound with high affinity (Kd = 0.07-0.3 nM, depending on the area studied). [125I]CGP 42112 binding was selective for AT2 receptors, as determined by lack of competition with the AT1 ligand losartan, and competition by the AT2 ligands PD 123177 and unlabeled CGP 42112 and the non-selective peptides Ang II and angiotensin III (Ang III) [4].in vivo: Intravenous infusions of CGP 42112 (0.1 and 1 mg kg-1 min-1) and PD 123319 (0.36 and 1 mg kg-1 min-1) shifted the upper limit of CBF autoregulation toward higher blood pressures without affecting baseline CBF [3].
L162441 is an Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist.
Olodanrigan (EMA401) sodium is a highly selective, orally active, peripherally restricted angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist. Olodanrigan sodium is under development as a neuropathic pain therapeutic agent. Olodanrigan sodium analgesic action appears to involve inhibition of augmented AngII/AT2R induced p38 and p42/p44 MAPK activation, and hence inhibition of DRG neuron hyperexcitability and sprouting of DRG neurons[1][2][3][4].
Valsartan-d3 is the deuterium labeled Valsartan[1]. Valsartan (CGP 48933) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and has the potential for high blood pressure and heart failure research[2].
Trebananib (2xCon4C; AMG 386), a non-VEGF-dependent angiogenesis pathway inhibitor, is a peptide-Fc fusion protein that neutralises the interaction between angiopoietins-1/2 and the Tie2 receptor, plus FOLFIRI. Trebananib can be used to research anticancer and ocular neovascular diseases[1][2].
Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a exogenous NO donor and a substrate for rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebrovascular angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses[1][2][3][4].
[Tyr(P)4] Angiotensin II is a peptide that has multiple effects on vascular smooth muscle, including contraction of normal arteries and hypertrophy or hyperplasia of cultured cells or diseased vessels[1].
Azilsartan mopivabil is the potent antagonist of angiotensin II receptor[1].
TRV055 is a Gq-biased ligand of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R). TRV055 is efficacious in stimulating cellular Gq-mediated signaling. TRV055 can be used to develop the Gq-biased AT1R agonists[1].
Losartan (potassium) is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist, competing with the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 with an IC50 of 20 nM.
(Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II is a functionally selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) agonist. (Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II potentiates insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) signaling and glycogen synthesis. (Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II potentiates insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3α/β[1].
Losartan D4 Carboxylic Acid is the deuterium labeled Losartan(EXP-3174), which is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist.
PD 123319 (ditrifluoroacetate) is a potent, selective AT2 angiotensin II receptor antagonist with IC50 of 34 nM.
CGP48369 is a nonpeptidic angiotensin II receptor antagonist, used for anti-hypertensive research.
Irbesartan (SR-47436) hydrochloride is an orally active Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB). Irbesartan hydrochloride can relax the blood vessels, low blood pressure and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. Irbesartan hydrochloride can be used for the research of high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease[1].
Valsartan D9 (CGP-48933 D9) is deuterium labeled valsartan. Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist for treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure.
Losartan Carboxylic Acid (E-3174), an active carboxylic acid metabolite of Losartan, is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist. The Ki values are 0.97, 0.57, 0.67 nM for rat AT1B/AT1A and human AT1, respectively. Losartan Carboxylic Acid blocks the angiotensin II-induced responses in vascular smoothmuscle cells (VSMC). Losartan Carboxylic Acid elevates plasma renin activities and reduces mean arterial pressure[1][2][3][4].
Fimasartan(BR-A-657) is a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.IC50 value:Target: AT1 receptor antagonistin vitro: Fimasartan suppressed the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by down-regulating its transcription, and subsequently inhibited the productions of nitric oxide (NO). In addition, fimasartan attenuated LPS-induced transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) [1]. BR-A-657 displaced [125I][Sar1-Ile8]angiotensin II (Ang II) from its specific binding sites to AT1 subtype receptors in membrane fractions of HEK-293 cells with an IC50 of 0.16 nM [2]. in vivo: After oral administration of 240 mg fimasartan, the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0→∞)) was 2899.0 ng/ml/h in the older, which was significantly greater than in young subjects (1767.4 ng/ml/h; p = 0.03) [3]. Compared with atorvastatin alone, coadministration of fimasartan and atorvastatin increased the atorvastatin acid mean (95% confidence interval) maximum concentration (Cmax,ss) by 1.89-fold (1.49-2.39) and the area under the concentration curve (AUCτ,ss) by 1.19-fold (0.96-1.48). Fimasartan also increased the mean 2-hydroxy atorvastatin acid Cmax,ss and AUCτ,ss by 2.45-fold (1.80-3.35) and 1.42-fold (1.09-1.85), respectively [4].
PD 123319 (ditrifluoroacetate) is a potent, selective AT2 angiotensin II receptor antagonist with IC50 of 34 nM.
Alamandine, a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a vasoactive peptide, is an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor MrgD. Alamandine targets to protect the kidney and heart through anti-hypertensive actions[1][2].
Olmesartan medoxomil is a potent and selective angiotensin AT1 receptor inhibitor with IC50 of 66.2 μM.
Angiotensin II human acetate (Angiotensin II acetate) is a vasoconstrictor that mainly acts on the AT1 receptor. Angiotensin II human acetate stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human acetate induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human acetate also induces apoptosis[1][2].