Aditoprime (Aditoprim), a selective bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor, inhibits the transformation of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. Aditoprime inhibits E.coli and L.casei DHFR with IC50 of 47 and 520 nM, respectively. Aditoprime has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, good antibacterial activity and excellent pharmacokinetics[1][2][3].
Mirvetuximab (M9346A) is an anti-FOLR1 (folate receptor 1) monoclonal antibody. Mirvetuximab is the antibody moiety of novel folate receptor alpha (FRα)-targeting ADC (Mirvetuximab soravtansine). Mirvetuximab soravtansine can be used in ovarian and other FRα-positive cancer research[1].
LSN 3213128 is a selective, nonclassical, orally bioavailable antifolate with potent and specific inhibitory activity for aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFT), with IC50 of 16 nM for AICARFT enzyme inhibiton and 19 nM in cells. Anti-tumor activity[1].
FRα-IN-1 (Compound 4) is a tumor-targeting agent. FRα-IN-1 shows selective anticancer activity towards folate receptors (FRα and FRβ) expression cells[1].
Tetroxoprim is an antimicrobial DHFR inhibitor[1].
Methotrexate is a folate antagonist, with median IC50 of 78 nM in in vitro assay.
Folinic acid (Leucovorin) calcium hydrate is a biological folic acid and is generally administered along with Methotrexate (MTX) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity[1].
Methotrexate (Amethopterin) monohydrate, an antimetabolite and antifolate agent, inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the conversion of folic acid into tetrahydrofolate, and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Methotrexate monohydrate, also an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent, is used for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and a number of different cancers (such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia)[1][2][3].
Methotrexate α-tert-butyl ester, capped by OtBu, significantly reduces tumor growth in HT1080 tumor bearing mice. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite and antifolate agent and is also an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent[1][2][3][4].
Leucovorin Calcium is a reduced folic acid.IC50 Value: 30 μM for zcSHMT and70 μM for zmSHMT [2]Target: Antifolatein vitro: Increasing concentrations of leucovorin (N5-CHO-THF) inhibit both zcSHMT and hcSHMT activities substantially, yet to a lesser extent than zmSHMT. The IC50 of leucovorin is approximately 30 μM for zcSHMT and higher than 70 μM for zmSHMT. The differential inhibition is evident with the presence of 10 μM leucovorin, the concentration estimated in serum in a high-dose leucovorin rescue regimen [2].in vivo: Following intravenous administration, peak plasma concentrations of (6R) LV, (6S) LV, and 5-CH3 THF were 148 +/- 32, 59.1 +/- 22, and 17.8 +/- 17 microM, respectively. During oral administration of LV, virtually no (6S) LV appeared in the plasma. Steady-state plasma concentrations of (6R) LV and 5-CH3 THF were approximately 1.5 +/- 0.23 and 2.8 +/- 0.41 microM, respectively [1]. 24 fasted subjects were given 4 of a series of 5 single test doses between 20 and 100 mg, at 1-week intervals, of 5-formyl-THF as an oral solution of leucovorin calcium. Six separate subjects received 200 mg iv and po in a 2-way crossover. Blood and urine samples were collected over 24 hours for differential microbiological folate assays using Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis. Using L casei activity to measure total serum folates, the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinite time (AUC[0-infinity]) was calculated. Relative bioavailabilities were 78%, 62%, 49%, and 42% for the 40-, 60-, 80-, and 100-mg doses, respectively [3].Clinical trial: Leucovorin and Fluorouracil With or Without SU-5416 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer . Phase 3
Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic used mainly in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections.Target: DHFRTrimethoprim (TMP), an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, decreases the level of tetrahydrofolate supplying one-carbon units for biosynthesis of nucleotides, proteins, and panthotenate. TMP caused induction of DnaK, DnaJ, GroEL, ClpB, and IbpA/B Hsps. Among these Hsps, IbpA/B were most efficiently induced by TMP and coaggregated with the insoluble proteins [1]. Trimethoprim binds to dihydrofolate reductase and inhibits the reduction of dihydrofolic acid (DHF) to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF). THF is an essential precursor in the thymidine synthesis pathway and interference with this pathway inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis. Trimethoprim's affinity for bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is several thousand times greater than its affinity for human dihydrofolate reductase. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase, an enzyme involved further upstream in the same pathway. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are commonly used in combination due to their synergistic effects. This drug combination also reduces the development of resistance that is seen when either drug is used alone [2].
Folinic acid (Leucovorin) disodium is a biological folic acid and is a forms of vitamin B9. Folinic acid disodium is generally administered along with Methotrexate (MTX) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity. Folinic acid disodium and Sfluorouracil adjuvant chemotherapy shows effective in colon carcinoma[1][2][3].
Trimetrexate glucuronate (NSC 352122) is a folic acid antagonist. Trimetrexate glucuronate affects DNA and RNA synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase and preventing the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate. Trimetrexate glucuronate has potential anti-tumour activity[1].
Trimethoprim lactic is a bacteriostatic antibiotic and an orally active dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor. Trimethoprim lactic is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Trimethoprim lactic has the potential for urinary tract infections, Shigellosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia treatment[1][2][3].
Folinic Acid is a reduced folic acid, which is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.Target: Folate analogApproved: 2008Folinic acid (calcium salt pentahydrate) is the calcium salt form of folinic acid, which is one of the forms of folate found naturally in foods. Folate deficiency is believed to be the most common vitamin deficiency in the world due to food processing, food selection, and intestinal disorders. Folinic acid in the body can be converted into any of the other active forms of folate.Treatment with folinic acid calcium salt pentahydrate (CF) could cause improved development in the heart and vessels in MTX-treated embryos, which proved that MTX induced the malformations by inhibiting DHFR. The transcript levels of genes such as hand2, mef2a, mef2c, and flk-1 were reduced in MTX-treated embryos. Compared with the MTX-treated group, the transcript levels of hand2, mef2a, mef2c, and flk-1 were increased in the MTX + dhfr-gfp mRNA-injected group and in the MTX + CF group [1]. Folinic acid may also be useful in the treatment of acute methotrexate overdose. Different dosing protocols are used, but folinic acid should be re-dosed until the methotrexate level is less than 5 x 10-8 M [2].
Metoprine (BW 197U) is a potent histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitor. Metoprine, a diaminopyrimidine derivative, can cross the blood-brain barrier and increase brain histamine levels by inhibiting HMT[1][2]. Metoprine is an antifolate and antitumor agent[3].
Levoleucovorin calcium is the calcium salt of Levoleucovorin, which is the enantiomerically active form of folinic acid.IC50 value: Target: Levoleucovorin is used to treat or prevent toxic effects of methotrexate in people who have received methotrexate to treat bone cancer. Levoleucovorin is also used in combination chemotherapy with fluorouracil (5-FU) to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. This medicine only treats the symptoms of colorectal cancer and does not treat the cancer itself.
TNP-351 is an antifolate. TNP-351, a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor, has potent antitumor activity against not only leukemia cells but also solid tumor cells in vitro and in vivo[1].
Pyrimethamine-d3 (Pirimecidan-d3) is the deuterium labeled Pyrimethamine. Pyrimethamine is a medication used for protozoal infections; interferes with tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis from folic acid by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)[1][2].
Fanotaprim is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor with IC50s of 1.57 and 308 nM for tgDHFR (Toxoplasma gondii DHFR) and hDHFR (human DHFR), respectively. Fanotaprim has the potential for the research of toxoplasmosis[1].
Pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate is a novel antifolate, the Ki values of the pentaglutamate of LY231514 are 1.3, 7.2, and 65 nM for inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), respectively.
Methotrexate (Amethopterin) disodium, an antimetabolite and antifolate agent, inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the conversion of folic acid into tetrahydrofolate, and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Methotrexate disodium, also an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent, is used for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and a number of different cancers (such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia)[1][2][3].
Calcium N5-methyltetrahydrofolate(NSC173328) is the calcium salt of levomefolic acid, which has been proposed for treatment of cardiovascular disease and advanced cancers such as breast and colorectal cancers.IC50 value:Target:
Lometrexol (DDATHF) disodium, an antipurine antifolate, can inhibit the activity of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) but do not induce detectable levels of DNA strand breaks. Lometrexol disodium can further inhibit de novo purine synthesis, causing abnormal cell proliferation and apoptosis, even cell cycle arrest. Lometrexol disodium has anticancer activity. Lometrexol disodium also is a potent human Serine hydroxymethyltransferase1/2 (hSHMT1/2) inhibitor[1][2][3].
Diaveridine (EGIS-5645) is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor with a Ki of 11.5 nM for the wild type DHFR and also an antibacterial agent.
Aminopterin (4-Aminofolic acid), the 4-amino derivative of folic acid, is a folic acid antagonist. Aminopterin catalyses the reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, and competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with a Ki of 3.7 pM. Aminopterin has anticancer and immunosuppressive activity. Aminopterin is used in treatment of pediatric leukemia[1][2].
Lysine-methotrexate, an analogue of Methotrexate (HY-14519), is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor[1].