Cell apoptosis, sometimes called programmed cell death, is a cellular self-destruction method to remove old and damaged cells during development and aging to protect cells from external disturbances and maintain homeostasis. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when cells are damaged by disease or noxious agents.

Apoptosis is controlled by many genes and involves two fundamental pathways: the extrinsic pathway, which transmits death signals by the death receptor (DR), and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by the binding of the death ligand to DRs, including FasL, TNF-α, and TRAIL, on the plasma membrane. The DR, adaptor protein (FADD), and associated apoptosis signaling molecule (caspase-8) form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), thus leading to the activation of the effector caspase cascade (caspase-3, -6, and -7). The mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, including proapoptotic (Bid, Bax, Bak) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL).

Abnormalities in cell apoptosis can be a significant component of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, AIDS, ischemia, and neurode-generative diseases. These diseases may benefit from artificially inhibiting or activating apoptosis. A short list of potential methods of anti-apoptotic therapy includes stimulation of the IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) family of proteins, caspase inhibition, PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibition, stimulation of the PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, and inhibition of Bcl-2 proteins.

Ferroptosis and necroptosis are recently recognized forms of regulated cell death that differs considerably from apoptosis. Misregulated ferroptosis or necroptosis have also been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cancer cell death, neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.

References:
[1] Susan Elmore. Toxicol Pathol. 2007; 35(4): 495–516.
[2] Cao L, et al. J Cell Death. 2016 Dec 29;9:19-29.
[3] Dasgupta A, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan; 18(1): 23.
[4] Xie Y, et al. Cell Death Differ. 2016 Mar;23(3):369-79.


Anti-infection >
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Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
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15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
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MDM2-p53-IN-16

MDM2-p53-IN-16 is a MDM2-p53 complex inhibitor with an IC50 value of 4.3 nM to dissociate human p53/MDM2 complex. MDM2-p53-IN-16 reactivates p53, and induces Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) cell apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. MDM2-p53-IN-16 can be used for the cancer research[1].

  • CAS Number: 1917350-09-4
  • MF: C32H33N3O5
  • MW: 539.62
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

D-Mannitol-13C,d2

D-Mannitol-13C,d2 is the deuterium and 13C labeled D-Mannitol.

  • CAS Number: 1217463-58-5
  • MF: C513CH12D2O6
  • MW: 185.18
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PM 02734

PM 02734 is an antineoplastic.

  • CAS Number: 915713-02-9
  • MF: C77H125F3N14O18
  • MW: 1591.922
  • Catalog: DAPK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ibuprofen sodium salt

Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) sodium is an orally active, selective COX-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 13 μM. Ibuprofen sodium inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. Ibuprofen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Ibuprofen sodium can be used in the research of pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, immunology, cancers[1][2][5][8].

  • CAS Number: 31121-93-4
  • MF: C13H17NaO2
  • MW: 228.26300
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.029g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 319.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 75-77ºC
  • Flash Point: 216.7ºC

Phenazine methylsulfate

Phenazine methylsulfate is a free radical generator. Phenazine methylsulfate has been used as an electron transfer reactant in cell viability assays. Phenazine methylsulfate induces ssDNA break formation in the presence of the reducing agent NADPH. Phenazine methylsulfate induces oxidative DNA damage in an alkaline comet assay and apoptosis.

  • CAS Number: 299-11-6
  • MF: C14H14N2O4S
  • MW: 306.337
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 158-160 °C (dec.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide

MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide is a tamoxifen derivative[1], an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor, spreduces mitochondrial membrane potential in senescent cells and affects mitochondrial morphology[2].MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide is an effective anticancer agent, suppresses respiratory complexes (CI-respiration) and disrupts respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) formation in breast cancer cells[1][2]. MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide causes apoptosis[2].

  • CAS Number: 1634624-73-9
  • MF: C52H60Br2NOP
  • MW: 905.82
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PROTAC Mcl1 degrader-1

Mcl1-IN-14 (compound C3), a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), is a potently and selectively Mcl-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.78 μM. Mcl1-IN-14 induces the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Mcl-1 by introducing the E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN)-binding ligand pomalidomide to Mcl-1 inhibitor S1-6 with μM-range affinity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2163793-38-0
  • MF: C45H45BrN6O8S
  • MW: 909.84
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

2'-O-Methylguanosine

2'-O-Methylguanosine is a modified nucleoside produced in tRNAs by the action of tRNA guanosine-2’-O-methyltransferase. 2'-O-Methylguanosine results in apoptotic changes of cells[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2140-71-8
  • MF: C11H15N5O5
  • MW: 297.267
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 2.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 711.7ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 218-220ºC
  • Flash Point: 384.2ºC

anti-TNBC agent-3

anti-TNBC agent-3 (compound 3g) is an apoptosis inducer with anti-cancer cell proliferation activity. anti-TNBC agent-3 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenograft models[1].

  • CAS Number: 2422001-25-8
  • MF: C29H39F2N7O
  • MW: 539.66
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Loncastuximab tesirine

Loncastuximab tesirine is a human cluster of differentiation 19 (CD19)-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Once bound to CD19 on the cell membrane, loncastuximab tesirine is rapidly internalised and triggers cell death. Loncastuximab tesirin induces cell Apoptosis, it can be used for the research of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[1][2].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(22S,24E)-3α,22-Bis(acetyloxy)-5α-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid

Ganoderic acid R is a potent anticancer agent. Ganoderic acid R inhibits the growth by inducing apoptosis on tumor cell line. Ganoderic acid R possesses significant cytotoxicity on a multidrug resistance (MDR) tumor cell line (KB-A-1/Dox) and a sensitive tumor cell line (KB-A-1)[1].

  • CAS Number: 103963-39-9
  • MF: C34H50O6
  • MW: 554.76
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

AZT triphosphate

AZT triphosphate (3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate) is a active triphosphate metabolite of Zidovudine (AZT). AZT triphosphate exhibits antiretroviral activity and inhibits replication of HIV. AZT triphosphate also inhibits the DNA polymerase of HBV. AZT triphosphate activates the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 92586-35-1
  • MF: C10H16N5O13P3
  • MW: 507.18100
  • Catalog: HBV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Anticancer agent 72

Anticancer agent 72 (compound 8c) is a potent inhibitor of K+ channel. Anticancer agent 72 induces apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 2460167-51-3
  • MF: C20H19N7O2
  • MW: 389.41
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

SZUH280

SZUH280 is a potent and selective PROTAC HDAC8 degrader with a DC50 of 0.58 μM in A549 cells. SZUH280 induces cancer cell apoptosis. SZUH280 hampers DNA damage repair in cancer cells, promoting cellular radiosensitization[1].

  • CAS Number: 2770263-77-7
  • MF: C36H34N8O8
  • MW: 706.70
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ac-DEVD-CHO

Ac-DEVD-CHO is a specific Caspase-3 inhibitor with a Ki value of 230 pM.

  • CAS Number: 169332-60-9
  • MF: C20H30N4O11
  • MW: 502.47200
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: 1.374g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 1021.1ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 571.3ºC

c-Met/HDAC-IN-3

c-Met/HDAC-IN-3 (Compound 15f) is a dual c-Met and HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 12.50 nM and 26.97 nM against c-Met and HDAC1, respectively. c-Met/HDAC-IN-3 induces apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase[1].

  • CAS Number: 2439175-23-0
  • MF: C34H35FN4O7
  • MW: 630.66
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

N-(1H-Purin-6-yl)-4-[[[(14-methyl-1-oxopentadecyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-4-deoxy-β-L-glycero-L-manno-heptopyranosylamine

Spicamycin, an adenine nucleoside antibiotic with antifungal and antitumor activities. Spicamycin is also a potent inducer of differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Spicamycin induces apoptosis in NB4 cells via down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and modulation of PML protein[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 87099-85-2
  • MF: C30H51N7O7
  • MW: 621.76900
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 979.6±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 546.2±34.3 °C

Deoxypodophyllotoxin

Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), a derivative of podophyllotoxin, is a lignan with potent antimitotic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties isolated from rhizomes of Sinopodophullumhexandrum (Berberidaceae). Deoxypodophyllotoxin, targets the microtubule, has a major impact in oncology not only as anti-mitotics but also as potent inhibitors of angiogenesis[1]. Deoxypodophyllotoxin induces cell autophagy and apoptosis[2]. Deoxypodophyllotoxin evokes increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in DRG neurons[3].

  • CAS Number: 19186-35-7
  • MF: C22H22O7
  • MW: 398.406
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 564.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 247.0±30.2 °C

Zorifertinib hydrochloride

Zorifertinib (AZD3759) hydrochloride is a potent, orally active, central nervous system-penetrant, EGFR inhibitor (IC50s: 0.3, 0.2, and 0.2 nM for EGFRwt, EGFRL858R, and EGFRexon 19Del, respectively). Zorifertinib hydrochloride induces cancer cell apoptosis. Zorifertinib hydrochloride has antitumor activity, and can be used for NSCLC, HCC etc. research[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1626387-81-2
  • MF: C22H24Cl2FN5O3
  • MW: 496.362
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Pantoprazole-d3

Pantoprazole-d3 is deuterium labeled Pantoprazole. Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI)[1]. Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142)[3][4].

  • CAS Number: 922727-37-5
  • MF: C16H12D3F2N3O4S
  • MW: 386.39
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Bcl-2-IN-5

Bcl-2-IN-5 is a BCL-2 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.12 nM, 0.14 nM and 0.22 nM for Bcl-2 wild type, Bcl-2 D103Y and Bcl-2 G101V, respectively. Bcl-2-IN-5 inhibits the cell growth with IC50 values of 0.2 nM and 0.44 nM for Bcl 2-G101V knock-in RS4; 11 and RS4; 11 cells, respectively (WO2021208963A1; Example 155)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2728752-20-1
  • MF: C55H63FN8O8S
  • MW: 1015.20
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Purinostat mesylate

Purinostat mesylate is a selective inhibitor of HDAC. Purinostat mesylate inhibits class I and class IIb HDACs with IC50s from 0.81 to 11.5 nM. Purinostat mesylate induces apoptosis and affects cell cycle of LAMA84 and 188 BL-2 cells, and shows potently anti-leukemia effects in vivo. Purinostat mesylate can be used for the research of lymphoblastic leukemia[1].

  • CAS Number: 2650188-32-0
  • MF: C24H30N10O6S
  • MW: 586.62
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Maduramicin ammonium

Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) is isolated from the actinomycete Actinomadura rubra. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) is an anticoccidial agent for the the treatment of Eimeria spp., E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa infection[1]. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) induces cell apoptosis in chicken myocardial cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways[2].

  • CAS Number: 84878-61-5
  • MF: C47H83NO17
  • MW: 934.158
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 913.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 173-176ºC
  • Flash Point: 255.5ºC

Malachite green oxalate

Malachite green oxalate is a triphenylmethane dye which can be used to detect the release of phosphate in enzymatic reactions. Malachite green oxalate is also a potent and selective inhibitor of IKBKE, and inhibits its downstream targets such as IκBα, p65 and IRF3. Malachite green oxalate exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 2437-29-8
  • MF: C52H54N4O12
  • MW: 454.946
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 164°C (dec.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

1-(2-hydroxy-4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)ethanone

IC 86621 is a potent DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 120 nM. IC 86621 also acts as a selective and reversible ATP-competitive inhibitor.IC 86621 inhibits DNA-PK mediated cellular DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair (EC50=68 µM). IC 86621 increases DSB-induced antitumor activity without cytotoxic effects. IC 86621 can protects rheumatoid arthritis (RA) T cells from apoptosis[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 404009-40-1
  • MF: C12H15NO3
  • MW: 221.252
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 425.5±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 211.1±28.7 °C

ACT001

ACT001 is an orally active PAI-1 inhibitor by inhibiting the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. ACT001 inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 and PD-L1 expression by directly binding to STAT3. ACT001, a fumarate salt form of DMAMCL (a prodrug of Micheliolide), can cross the blood-brain barrier. ACT001 has potent anti-glioblastoma (GBM) activity and immunomodulatory effects[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1582289-91-5
  • MF: C21H31NO7
  • MW: 409.47
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Quercetin D5

Quercetin D5 is a deuterium labeled Quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 263711-78-0
  • MF: C15H5D5O7
  • MW: 307.27
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(3R,4R)-3-[(1,3-Benzodioxole-5-yl)methyl]-4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one

Kusunokinin ((-)-Kusunokinin) is a nature product that could be isolated form P. nigrum. Kusunokinin has anticancer activity. Kusunokinin arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase and induce apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 58311-20-9
  • MF: C21H22O6
  • MW: 370.396
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 543.6±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 238.5±28.8 °C

Azoxystrobin-d4

Azoxystrobin-d4 is deuterium labeled Azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum β-methoxyacrylate fungicide. Azoxystrobin inhibits mitochondrial respiration by binding to the Qo site of the cytochrome bc1 complex and inhibiting electron transfer. Azoxystrobin induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces cell apoptosis.

  • CAS Number: 1346606-39-0
  • MF: C22H13D4N3O5
  • MW: 407.41
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 581.3±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 105-107°C
  • Flash Point: 305.3±30.1 °C

Azadirachtin

Azadirachtin, one of the most promising botanical insecticides, is widely used for pest control. Azadirachtin induces apoptosis in insect cell lines, including Sf9, SL-1 and BTI-Tn-5B1-4[1].

  • CAS Number: 11141-17-6
  • MF: C35H44O16
  • MW: 720.714
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 792.4±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 159ºC
  • Flash Point: 244.8±26.4 °C