5-Methyluridine is a is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids.
Pentanoic acid, a short-chain fatty acid, is a product of bacterial metabolism and are associated with allergic skin disorders. Pentanoic acid activates ROCK signaling pathway.
2-Hydroxyadipic acid is an organic acid, formed by the reduction of 2-ketoadipic acid.
β-Amyloid (1-40) is a primary protein in plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
D-(-)-Lactic acid is a normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar.
Sinomenine hydrochloride is a blocker of the NF-κB activation and also an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
Eupatilin, a lipophilic flavonoid isolated from Artemisia species, is a PPARα agonist, and possesses anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
Ancitabine (hydrochloride) is an important antileukemia drugs.
Ginkgolide C is a flavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, possessing multiple biological functions, such as decreasing platelet aggregation and ameliorating Alzheimer disease.
Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP) is a highly conserved, amidated cyclic nonapeptide, first isolated from the pericardial organs of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, where it has a role in regulating heartbeat; Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP) also modulates the neuronal activity in other arthropods.
Efavirenz is a potent inhibitor of the wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with a Ki of 2.93 nM and exhibits an IC95 of 1.5 nM for the inhibition of HIV-1 replicative spread in cell culture.
Angiotensin II human is a vasoconstrictor that acts on the AT1 and the AT2 receptor.
Hematoxylin is a natural product.
2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-D-glucoside isolats from the roots of Polygonum species, inhibits the formation of 5-HETE, HHT and thromboxane B2, although less strongly. [1]
Apigenin-7-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 12.87, 22.39, 17.52, 0.27 μM for MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively.
Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation.
Podocarpic acid is a natural product, which has the best all-round positive effect and acts as a novel TRPA1 activator.
Tolnaftate is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent. Target: AntifungalTolnaftate blocked sterol biosynthesis in fungal cells and cell extracts, with accumulation of squalene. This point of action was confirmed by the direct inhibition of microsomal squalene epoxidase from Candida albicans [1]. Tolnaftate inhibited sterol biosynthesis, At 100 microM, tolnaftate caused up to a 30% release of intracellular [14C]aminoisobutyric acid [2].
Acetosyringone is a phenolic compound from wounded plant cells, enables virA gene which encodes a membrane-bound kinase to phosphorylate itself and activate the virG gene product, which stimulates the transcription of other vir genes and itself[1]. Acetosyringone enhances efficient Dunaliella transformation of Agrobacterium strains[2].
Ascomycin(Immunomycin, FR-900520, FK520) is an ethyl analog of tacrolimus (FK506) with strong immunosuppressant properties. IC50 Value: 0.55 nM [1]Target: in vitro: When we used either CD4+CD8+ thymocytes or peripheral T cells activated by phorbol ester and ionomycin, the cell surface induction of CD5 was also partially blocked by CsA, FK-520 and rapamycin [2]. Ascomycinalso had a 3-fold lower immunosuppressive potency in a popliteal lymph node hyperplasia assay, resulting in an equivalent therapeutic index consistent with a common mechanistic dependence on calcineurin inhibition [3].in vivo: In 14-day studies, nephrotoxicity was not induced by continuous i.p. infusion of ascomycin at 10 mg/kg/day or daily oral administration (up to 50 mg/kg/day) in rats on a normal diet, nor by continuous i.v. infusion (up to 6 mg/kg/day) in rats on a low salt diet to enhance susceptibility [3].
5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid is a non-protein amino acid that plays a rate-limiting role in heme biosynthesis.
Limonene is a monoterpene in citrus peel oil. A popular disinfectant and food preservative. Antimicrobial activities[1]. Anti-proliferative activities[2]. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect[3].
(-)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid isolated from beans.
Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor of the electron transport chain and a potent antioxidant agent.
Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid.
Mitomycin C is an antitumor drug and antibiotic that shows extraordinary ability to inhibit DNA synthesis.
Dinoprost(Prostaglandin F2α) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient.
Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.
Macranthoidin B is a major bioactive saponin in rat plasma after oral administration of extraction of saponins from Flos Lonicerae.