Chemsrc provides Signaling Pathways's classification. They are divided into Anti-infection, Antibody-drug Conjugate, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle/DNA Damage, Cytoskeleton, Epigenetics, GPCR/G Protein, Immunology/Inflammation, JAK/STAT Signaling, MAPK/ERK Pathway, Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel, Metabolic Enzyme/Protease, Neuronal Signaling, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, PROTAC, Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK, Stem Cell/Wnt, TGF-beta/Smad, Vitamin D Related, Others according to their Biological activity.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

(±)-Marmesin

(±)-Marmesin is a good precursor of the linear furanocoumarins. (±)-Marmesin derivatives have high degree of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory property[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 13710-70-8
  • MF: C14H14O4
  • MW: 246.259
  • Catalog: AChE
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 434.0±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 168.0±22.2 °C

Lanthionine

Lanthionine (DL- and meso- mixture) is a cysteine derivative[1].

  • CAS Number: 922-55-4
  • MF: C6H12N2O4S
  • MW: 208.23500
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.499g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 462.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 280-283ºC
  • Flash Point: 233.5ºC

Chlorpropham-d7

Chlorpropham-d7 is the deuterium labeled Chlorpropham[1]. Chlorpropham is a carbamate herbicide and plant growth regulator. Chlorpropham inhibits mitosis and cell division by interfering with the organisation of the spindle microtubules[2][3].

  • CAS Number: 2140327-49-5
  • MF: C10H5D7ClNO2
  • MW: 220.70
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Terrestrosin K

Terrestrosin K, a steroidal saponin from Tribulus terrestris L., has potential to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 193605-07-1
  • MF: C51H82O24
  • MW: 1079.182
  • Catalog: Cardiovascular Disease
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-inosine

5'-O-DMT-Ri can be used in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides[1].

  • CAS Number: 119898-59-8
  • MF: C31H30N4O7
  • MW: 570.59200
  • Catalog: DNA/RNA Synthesis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Serdemetan

Serdemetan(JNJ-26854165) acts as a HDM2 ubiquitin ligase antagonist and also induces early apoptosis in p53 wild-type cells, inhibits cellular proliferation followed by delayed apoptosis in the absence of functional p53.IC50 value: HDM2 ubiquitin ligaseTarget: in vitro: JNJ 26854165 is a novel tryptamine derivative which activates p53 and acts as a HDM2 ubiquitin ligase antagonist. JNJ 26854165 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in leukemia cell lines with IC50 values of 0.24, 0.33, 0.32 and 0.44 μM at 72 hours for OCI-AML-3, MOLM-13, NALM-6 and REH cells, respectively. In addition, JNJ 26854165 accelerates proteasome-mediated degradation of p21 and antagonizes the transcriptional induction of p21 by p53. It also induces S-phase delay and upregulates E2F1 expression in p53 mutant cells, resulting in preferential apoptosis of S-phase cells. JNJ 26854165 is an oral Mdm2 inhibitor which can inhibit the interaction of Mdm2-p53 complex with the proteasome and increase p53 levels by binding to RING domain of Mdm2. A recent study shows that JNJ 26854165 inhibits clonogenic survival in four human cancer cell lines: H460, A549, p53-WT-HCT116, and p53-null-HCT116.in vivo:JNJ 26854165 leads to significant differences in EFS distribution in 17 of the 36 (47%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 5 of 7 (71%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts using a dose of 20 mg/kg administered via oral gavage daily for 5 days, repeated for 6 weeks.

  • CAS Number: 881202-45-5
  • MF: C21H20N4
  • MW: 328.410
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 615.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 325.8±30.1 °C

HFI-419

HFI-419 is an insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitor. HFI-419 has inhibitory potency for IRAP with Ki value of 0.48 μM. HFI-419 can be used for the research of cognitive and memory impairments such as Alzheimer's disease, brain trauma, and stroke[1].

  • CAS Number: 1110650-72-0
  • MF: C19H18N2O5
  • MW: 354.36
  • Catalog: Aminopeptidase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ZD7288

ZD7288 is a selective hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker.

  • CAS Number: 133059-99-1
  • MF: C15H21ClN4
  • MW: 292.80700
  • Catalog: HCN Channel
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 359.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 171.4ºC

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is a synthetic antimalarial drug which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling.

  • CAS Number: 747-36-4
  • MF: C18H28ClN3O5S
  • MW: 433.950
  • Catalog: Parasite
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 516.7ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 240 °C
  • Flash Point: 266.3ºC

Bufrolin

Bufrolin is a Cromoglycate (histamine release inhibitor) analog and a high potency agonist of GPR35. Bufrolin promotes interactions between β-arrestin-2 and either human GPR35a or rat GPR35. Bufrolin also serves as antiallergic mast cell stabilizer and inhibit an anti-inflammatory response inducible by the internalization peptide. Bufrolin acts as an anti-inflammatory agent to be used in research of delivering pharmacol linked with internalization peptide[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 54867-56-0
  • MF: C18H16N2O6
  • MW: 356.33
  • Catalog: Histamine Receptor
  • Density: 1.478g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 609.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 322.5ºC

Fmoc-L-allo-Thr-OH

(((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-L-allothreonine is a threonine derivative[1].

  • CAS Number: 146306-75-4
  • MF: C19H19NO5
  • MW: 341.358
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 596.5±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 314.6±30.1 °C

(R)-CE3F4

(R)-CE3F4 is a potent and selective inhibitor of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP isoform 1 (Epac1), with an IC50 of 4.2 μM, with 10-fold selectivity for Epac1 over Epac2 (IC50, 44 μM). (R)-CE3F4 is more potent than racemic CE3F4 and (S)-CE3F4[1].

  • CAS Number: 1593478-56-8
  • MF: C11H10Br2FNO
  • MW: 351.01
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ac-Tyr(PO3H2)-Glu-Glu-Ile-Glu-OH

Ac-Tyr(PO3H2)-Glu-Glu-Ile-Glu-OH (compound 1) is a high-affinity pentapeptide to bind to the src SH2 domain (IC50≈1 µM). Ac-Tyr(PO3H2)-Glu-Glu-Ile-Glu-OH is an inhibitor for src SH3-SH2:phosphoprotein interactions[1].

  • CAS Number: 159439-02-8
  • MF: C32H46N5O17P
  • MW: 803.705
  • Catalog: Src
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

leuprolide IS

(Des-Gly10,D-Ala6,Pro-NHEt9)-LHRH (Surfagon, Mwt 1167.34 Da) is an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (Des-Gly10,D-Ala6,Pro-NHEt9)-LHRH can be used as an internal standard for the LC-MS analysis of leuprorelide acetate. (Des-Gly10,D-Ala6,Pro-NHEt9)-LHRH has potential applications in biochemical analysis and fertility[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 52435-06-0
  • MF: C56H78N16O12
  • MW: 1167.32000
  • Catalog: GNRH Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(E)-2,3-Dibromo-2-butenedioic acid

(E)-2,3-Dibromo-2-butenedioic acid is one of brominated haloacids, which are the drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs)[1].

  • CAS Number: 608-38-8
  • MF: C4H2Br2O4
  • MW: 273.86400
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

hCAIX-IN-10

hCAIX-IN-10 (Compound 6i) is a selective carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitor with Ki s of 61.5 and 586.8 nM for hCA IX and hCA XII, respectively.  hCA IX and hCA XII are transmembrane isoforms which have been characterized as biomarkers for several types of tumors. The hCA XII assists in maintenance of acid-base homoeostasis in normal as well as tumor cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 2497504-72-8
  • MF: C28H21N3O3S
  • MW: 479.55
  • Catalog: Carbonic Anhydrase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Dehydroleucodine

Dehydroleucodine is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Gynoxys verrucosa. Dehydroleucodine is a mast cell stabilizer that inhibits tmast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80. Dehydroleucodine inudces cells apoptosis, and has gastric ulcer inhibition and antileukemic effects[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 36150-07-9
  • MF: C15H16O3
  • MW: 244.28600
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 450.6ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 203.1ºC

MYC-IN-2

MYC-IN-2 is a MYC protein-protein inhibitor. MYC-IN-2 can be used for the research of cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 2244979-61-9
  • MF: C25H17N3O2S
  • MW: 423.49
  • Catalog: c-Myc
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DSPE-PEG4-DBCO

DSPE-PEG4-DBCO is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs[1].

  • CAS Number: 2112738-14-2
  • MF: C71H116N3O15P
  • MW: 1282.67
  • Catalog: PROTAC Linker
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ent-Kaurane-2α,16β-diol

2,16-Kauranediol, a diterpene compound, is a natural product that can be isolated from the aerial part of Euphorbia hirta[1].

  • CAS Number: 34302-37-9
  • MF: C20H34O2
  • MW: 306.483
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 416.9±28.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 183.8±18.6 °C

PM050489

PM050489 is an effective polyketone inhibitor of Microtubule/Tubulin that can be isolated from Madagascan sponge Lithoplocamia lithistoides. PM050489 inhibits mitosis with an IC50 value of 26.4 nM. PM050489 has antitumor activity and can be used in cancer research[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 960210-97-3
  • MF: C31H44ClN3O7
  • MW: 606.15
  • Catalog: Microtubule/Tubulin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Isomangiferin

Isomangiferin, a natural product, is reported to have antiviral activity.

  • CAS Number: 24699-16-9
  • MF: C19H18O11
  • MW: 422.340
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: 1.8±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 798.8±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 288.2±26.4 °C

Cepharanthine

Cepharanthine, an alkaloid derived from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, with possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities[1][2][3]. Cepharanthine attenuates muscle and kidney injuries induced by limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)[3]. Cepharanthine induces autophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells[4]. Cepharanthine inhibits the HIV-1 entry process by reducing plasma membrane fluidity[5].

  • CAS Number: 481-49-2
  • MF: C37H38N2O6
  • MW: 606.707
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 140 - 145ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

Dauricine

Dauricine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid in Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Dauricine inhibits cell proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner in colon cancer[1].

  • CAS Number: 524-17-4
  • MF: C38H44N2O6
  • MW: 624.766
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 712.3±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 115ºC
  • Flash Point: 384.6±32.9 °C

Leupeptin hemisulfate salt

Leupeptin hemisulfate is a reversible, competitive serine/cysteine protease inhibitor.

  • CAS Number: 103476-89-7
  • MF: C20H38N6O4.1/2H2SO4
  • MW: 475.59
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DL-Pantolactone

DL-Pantolactone can be hydrolyzed to Pantoic acid by the lactonohydrolase of Fusarium oxysporum. DL-Pantolactone also can be used in the preparation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-DL-pantolactone[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 79-50-5
  • MF: C6H10O3
  • MW: 130.142
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 224.6±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 74-78 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 99.0±13.2 °C

Zelasudil

Zelasudil is a Rho-associated (ROCK) kinase inhibitor. Zelasudil has a ROCK2 binding affinity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2365193-22-0
  • MF: C22H21F2N7O
  • MW: 437.45
  • Catalog: ROCK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

bosutinib hydrate

Bosutinib is an oral Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibito with IC50 of 1.2 nM and 1 nM, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 918639-08-4
  • MF: C26H31Cl2N5O4
  • MW: 548.461
  • Catalog: Bcr-Abl
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Brevianamide R

Brevianamide R (compound 4) is an alkaloid isolated from Aspergillus versicolor on fermented rice[1].

  • CAS Number: 1259316-09-0
  • MF: C22H25N3O3
  • MW: 379.45
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Benzoylmesaconine

Benzoylmesaconine is the most abundant component of Wutou decoction, which is widely used in China because of its therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis.

  • CAS Number: 63238-67-5
  • MF: C31H43NO10
  • MW: 589.674
  • Catalog: Others
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 703.2±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 379.1±32.9 °C