Siaresinolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester possesses anti-tumor and antidiabetic effect activity[1][2].
(S)-Thalidomide ((S)-(-)-Thalidomide) is the S-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (S)-Thalidomide has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects[1][2][3]. (S)-Thalidomide induces teratogenic effects by binding to cereblon (CRBN) [4].
2’-deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of human colon-carcinoma cell lines and is found to be associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency.
Mebeverine metabolite O-desmethyl Mebeverine alcohol is a metabolite of Mebeverine, which is a potent α1 repector inhibitor, causing relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Mefloquine (Mefloquin), an orally active and potent quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research[1][2][3].
Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation.
SR59230A is a potent, selective, and blood-brain barrier penetrating β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist[1] with IC50s of 40, 408, and 648 nM for β3, β1, and β2 receptors, respectively[2].
Pseudobaptigenin is a flavonoid. Pseudobaptigenin shows very good anticataract activity. Pseudobaptigenin has good binding affinity for the inhibition of glycation against γ-crystallin protein. Pseudobaptigenin also has good ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) property[1].
D-Mannitol-d2 is the deuterium labeled D-Mannitol.
GLP-1R agonist 2 (compound 2) is a potent GLP-1R agonist. GLP-1R agonist 2 has the potential for the research of metabolic diseases like Type2 Diabetes and Obesity[1].
(-)-Lyoniresinol 9'-O-glucoside is an inhibitor of ROS. (-)-Lyoniresinol 9'-O-glucoside reduces lipid accumulation and lipid metabolic disorders in FFAs-exposed HepG2 cells. (-)-Lyoniresinol 9'-O-glucoside inhibits high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species production[1].
TGR5 Receptor Agonist 3 (Compound 19) is a soft-drug G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) agonist with reduced gallbladder-filling effects (favorable gallbladder safety), with EC50s of 16.4 and 209 nM for hTGR5 and mTGR5, respectively[1].
Tripeptide-10 is a bioactive peptide withanti-wrinkleeffect and has been reported used as a cosmetic ingredient[1].
α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH), amide stimulates melanocortin 1 receptor that results in the activation of adenylyl cyclase.
UDP-GlcNAz disodium is a substrate for UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptidyltransferase[1].
NTU281 is a potent transglutaminase-2 inhibitor. NTU281 can reduce the increases in serum creatinine and albuminuria in diabetic rats. NTU281 can also reduce glomerular collagen I accumulation, Hic-5 and α-SMA expression, and apoptosis. NTU281 can be used for researching glomerulosclerosis caused by diabetes[1][2].
Vildagliptin (LAF-237; NVP-LAF 237) inhibits DPP-4 with IC50 of 2.3 nM.IC50 Value: 2.3 nM[1]Target: DPP-4in vitro: Vildagliptin is an N-substituted glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine (figure 2). It is a potent competitive and reversible inhibitor of human and rodent DPP-4 in vitro, with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) ~2-3 nmol/L. Importantly, vildagliptin inhibits DPP-4 with high specificity relative to other similar peptidases where its IC50 exceeds 200 mol/L [1].in vivo: Compared to age-, gender-, BMI-matched subjects with normal renal function, the mean AUC of vildagliptin after 14 days in patients with mild, moderate, and severe RI increased by 40%, 71%, and 100%, respectively [2]. The treatment was effective in modulating stress in pancreatic tissue, both by reducing levels of stress markers as well as by increasing activity of SOD and catalase. After analyzing the pancreatic histology, we found that vildagliptin was also able to preserve islets and pancreatic β-cells, especially at the concentration of 5 mg/kg [3].Clinical trial: FDA approved drug.
FBPase-IN-1 is a potent FBPase (Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) inhibitor for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) study with an IC50 of 0.22 μM. FBPase-IN-1 can reduce blood glucose levels and ameliorate glucose tolerance. FBPase-IN-1 modifies the C128 site, regulates the N125-S124-S123 allosteric pathway of FBPase and affects the catalytic activity of FBPase[1].
3-Nitropropanoic acid is an irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.
O-Nornuciferine, an aporphine-type alkaloid from lotus leaf, is a potent hERG channel inhibitor[1].
AZD7545 is a novel, selective small-molecule inhibitor of PDHK2 (PDH kinase2) with an IC50 of 36.8 nM and 6.4 nM for PDHK1 and PDHK2 respectively.IC50 Value: 36.8 nM (PDHK1); 6.4 nM (PDHK2) [1]Target: PDHK1/2in vitro: The IC50 values for inhibition of PDHK2 and PDHK1 by AZD7545 were 6.4 ± 2.2 nM (n = 6) and 36.8 ± 18 nM (n = 3) respectively. Other compounds in this series inhibited both PDHK1 and PDHK2 and a consistent trend of reduced potency (5-15-fold) towards PDHK1, as compared with PDHK2, was observed. In contrast, AZD7545 and related compounds failed to inhibit PDHK4 and paradoxically, at higher concentrations (>10 nM), AZD7545 stimulated PDHK4 activity [1]. In the presence of PDHK2, AZD7545 increased PDH activity with an EC(50) value of 5.2 nM. In rat hepatocytes, the rate of pyruvate oxidation was stimulated 2-fold (EC(50) 105 nM) [2].in vivo: A single dose of AZD7545 to Wistar rats increased the proportion of liver PDH in its active, dephosphorylated form in a dose-related manner from 24.7 to 70.3% at 30 mg/kg; and in skeletal muscle from 21.1 to 53.3%. A single dose of 10 mg/kg also significantly elevated muscle PDH activity in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. Obese, insulin-resistant, Zucker rats show elevated postprandial glucose levels compared with their lean counterparts (8.7 versus 6.1 mM at 12 weeks old). AZD7545 (10 mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days markedly improved the 24-h glucose profile, by eliminating the postprandial elevation in blood glucose [2]. An interestingobservation is that administration of maximally effective doses of AZD7545 and related compounds to rats results in the near-complete activation of PDH activity in liver, where PDHK2 is the major isoenzyme, while only partial activation of PDH activity is achieved in skeletal muscle and heart, tissues which express high levels of PDHK4. For example, following administration of a maximally effective dose of compound K (30 mg/kg) the percentage of PDH present in the active (dephosphorylated) state in liver is elevated from 35.3 ± 4.0% to 90.2 ± 2.2% while in skeletal muscle and heart PDH activity plateaus at 64.3 ± 2.3% and 61.8 ± 4.3% respectively. Further evidence for a link between in vitro isoenzyme selectivity and in vivo activity comes from the observation that in fasted rats the ability of AZD7545 toelevate PDH activity in liver is intact, while the activation of skeletal muscle PDH activity in response to the compound is severely blunted [1].
4-Ethylresorcinol, a derivative of resorcinol, can act as substrates of tyrosinase. 4-Ethylresorcinol possess hypopigmentary effects. 4-Ethylresorcinol attenuates mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-2, and possessed antioxidative effect by inhibiting lipid peroxidation[1][2].
dam Methyltransferase plays a role in the control of DNA replication in E. coli[1].
γ-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine (L-γ-Glutamyl-(S)-Allyl-Cysteine) is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound found in garlic. γ-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine has antiglycative effect and shows radical-scavenging and metal-chelating capacities[1][2].
D-Glucose-d1-2 is the deuterium labeled D-Glucose. D-Glucose (Glucose), a monosaccharide, is an important carbohydrate in biology. D-Glucose is a carbohydrate sweetener and critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling molecules in relation to both cellular metabolic status and biotic and abiotic stress response[1].
(+)-Guaiacin is a compound extracted of the bark of Machilus wangchiana Chun. (Lauraceae). (+)-Guaiacin shows potent in vitro activities against the release of β-glucuronidase in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) [1].
AZ-GHS-22 is a potent, non-CNS penetrant GHS-R1a inverse agonist (IC50=0.77 nM)[1].
BRD 0476 (ML187) is a selective, moderate inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (USP9X), inhibits pancreatic β-cell apoptosis that inhibits IFN-γ-induced JAK2 and STAT1 signaling to promote β-cell survival; does not has kinase inhibitory activity, and no effect no effect on JAK1, JAK2, or JAK3 activities, and the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (USP9X) is an intracellular target of BRD0476.
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside (compound 8) is an antioxidant agent that canbe found in Hemerocallis fulva. Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside shows strong lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities[1].
Clofarabine(Clolar; Clofarex) inhibits the enzymatic activities of ribonucleotide reductase (IC50 = 65 nM) and DNA polymerase.IC50 Value: 65 nMTarget: in vitro: Clofarabine is a second generation purine nucleoside analog with antineoplastic activity. It is phosphorylated intracellularly, which inhibits the enzymatic activities of ribonucleotide reductase (IC50 = 65 nM) and DNA polymerase, resulting in inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis of DNA and RNA. This nucleoside analog also disrupts mitochondrial function and membrane integrity, resulting in the release of pre-apoptotic factors, including cytochrome C and apoptotic-inducing factor, which activate apoptosis.in vivo: Clofarabine is used for treating relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children, after at least two other types of treatment have failed.