The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. Immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as HIV patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases. This includes regulating factors such as IL-2, IL-10, IFN-α. Infection with HIV is characterized not only by development of profound immunodeficiency but also by sustained inflammation and immune activation. Chronic inflammation as a critical driver of immune dysfunction, premature appearance of aging-related diseases, and immune deficiency.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

clocortolone pivalate

Clocortolone pivalate is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and corticosteroid ester. Clocortolone pivalate is indicated for seborrheic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis[1].

  • CAS Number: 34097-16-0
  • MF: C27H36ClFO5
  • MW: 495.023
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 598.0±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 315.4±30.1 °C

PDE12-IN-3

PDE12-IN-3 is a phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12) inhibitor with a pXC50 of 7.68. Antiviral activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 1803357-22-3
  • MF: C29H25N5O3
  • MW: 491.54
  • Catalog: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

E6446

E6446 is a potent and orally acitve TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist, used in the research of deleterious inflammatory responses.

  • CAS Number: 1219925-73-1
  • MF: C27H35N3O3
  • MW: 449.58500
  • Catalog: Toll-like Receptor (TLR)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tetrapeptide-30

Tetrapeptide-30 is a skin-brightening peptide consisting of four amino acids. Tetrapeptide-30 can act as a tyrosinase inhibitor, lightening hyperpigmentation and evening out skin tone by reducing the amount of tyrosinase and inhibiting melanocyte activation[1].

  • CAS Number: 1036207-61-0
  • MF: C22H40N6O7
  • MW: 500.596
  • Catalog: Tyrosinase
  • Density: 1.256±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • Boiling Point: 931.5±65.0 °C(Predicted)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PIT

PIT (2,2'-Pyridylisatogen tosylate) is a selective and non-competitive antagonist of P2Y1 receptor with an IC50 value of 0.14 μM for human P2Y1 receptor. PIT antagonizes P2Y1 receptor signaling without affecting nucleotide binding. PIT is an irreversible antagonist of responses to ATP at metabotropic purinoceptors (of the P2Y family) in some smooth muscles. PIT can be used for the research of chronic bronchitis and asthma[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 56583-49-4
  • MF: C20H16N2O5S
  • MW: 396.41600
  • Catalog: P2Y Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(3β)-3-Hydroxyurs-12-en-30-oic acid

Dulcioic acid (compound 19) is a product isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. Dulcioic acid shows a significant inhibitory effect on cytokine production[1].

  • CAS Number: 78516-69-5
  • MF: C30H48O3
  • MW: 456.70
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 556.0±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 304.1±26.6 °C

Caspase-1 Inhibitor II

Ac-YVAD-cmk (Caspase-1 Inhibitor II) is a selective caspase-1 (IL-1beta converting enzyme, ICE)) inhibitor with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Ac-YVAD-cmk effectively suppresses the expression of IL-1β and IL-18. Ac-YVAD-cmk inhibits pyroptosis in many diseases[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 178603-78-6
  • MF: C24H33ClN4O8
  • MW: 540.994
  • Catalog: Caspase
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 969.1±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 539.9±34.3 °C

NMB-1

NMB-1 is a conopeptide analogue. NMB-1 selectively inhibits sustained mechanically activated currents in sensory neurons (IC50: 1 μM). NMB-1 inhibits mechanical pain. NMB-1 can be used for research of hearing and pressure-evoked pain[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2843557-76-4
  • MF: C111H164N36O21S4
  • MW: 2466.98
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TMDJ-035

TMDJ-035 is a selective RyR2 inhibitor. TMDJ-035 suppresses abnormal Ca2+ waves and transients in isolated cardiomyocytes from RyR2-mutated mice. TMDJ-035is a tool for studying the mechanism and dynamics of RyR2 channel gating[1].

  • CAS Number: 2681302-83-8
  • MF: C16H12F3N5O
  • MW: 347.29
  • Catalog: Calcium Channel
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Purpureaside C

Purpureaside C is a phenolic glycoside and has significant proinflammatory action.

  • CAS Number: 108648-07-3
  • MF: C35H46O20
  • MW: 786.728
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 1062.7±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 327.9±27.8 °C

N-5984

N-5984 (KRP-204) is a potent and selective agonist of β3-adrenergic receptor. N-5984 has the potential for developing as one of the clinically effective drugs for obesity and diabetes mellitus[1].

  • CAS Number: 220475-76-3
  • MF: C20H22ClNO5
  • MW: 391.85
  • Catalog: Adrenergic Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ramifenazone

Ramifenazone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

  • CAS Number: 3615-24-5
  • MF: C14H19N3O
  • MW: 245.320
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 348.5±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 164.6±28.7 °C

Ananas comosus

Stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.32) is a cysteine proteinase, isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus) stem. Stem bromelain is a major bromelain, which exhibits various fibrinolytic, antiedematous, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Stem bromelain has in vivo antitumoral and antileukemic activity, as well as antimetastatic action[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 37189-34-7
  • MF: n.a.
  • MW:
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Kaempferol-3-beta-O-glucuronide

Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Kaempferol-3-glucuronide), one conjugated kaempferol metabolite, has anti-inflammatory effect. Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide significantly inhibits various pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-1β, NO, PGE2, and LTB4. Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide upregulates the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 22688-78-4
  • MF: C21H18O12
  • MW: 462.360
  • Catalog: Interleukin Related
  • Density: 1.9±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 876.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 189-191 °C
  • Flash Point: 309.8±27.8 °C

Ac-FLTD-CMK

Ac-FLTD-CMK, a gasdermin D (GSDMD)-derived inhibitor, is a specific inflammatory caspases inhibitor. Ac-FLTD-CMK is effective against caspases-1 (IC50 of 46.7 nM), caspases-4 (IC50 of 1.49 μM), caspases-5 (IC50 of 329 nM), and caspases-11 , but not the apoptotic caspases such as caspase-3[1].

  • CAS Number: 2376255-48-8
  • MF: C26H37ClN4O8
  • MW: 569.05
  • Catalog: Caspase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

UCB9608

UCB9608 is a potent, selective and orally active PI4KIIIβ inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11 nM, selective over PI3KC2 α, β, and γ lipid kinases. UCB9608 improves metabolic stability and exhibits excellent pharmacokinetic profile, acts as a potent immunosuppressive agent[1].

  • CAS Number: 1616413-96-7
  • MF: C20H26N8O2
  • MW: 410.47
  • Catalog: PI4K
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

FBBBE

FBBBE is used to detect the production of H2O2 by cells. FBBBE can be triggered by intracellular H2O2 and converted to fluorescein, resulting in an increase in intracellular fluorescence (Ex=4480 nm, Em=512 nm)[1].

  • CAS Number: 1522117-83-4
  • MF: C46H46B2O9
  • MW: 584.229
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 595.2±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 313.8±32.9 °C

m-PEG6-azide

m-PEG6-azide is a non-cleavable 6 unit PEG ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

  • CAS Number: 1043884-49-6
  • MF: C13H27N3O6
  • MW: 321.37000
  • Catalog: ADC Linker
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

BMS-582949 (hydrochloride)

BMS-582949 hydrochloride is a novel highly selective p38α MAPK inhibitor, inhibits p38α with IC50 of 13 nM. IC50 value: 13 nM[1]Target: p38αin vitro: BMS-582949 does not significantly inhibit cytochrome P450 isozymes 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 with IC50values >40 μM. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4, with an IC50 value ranging from 18 to 40 μM based in multiple tests. BMS-582949 displays >2000-fold selectivity for p38α over a diverse panel of 57 kinases that include serine kinases, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, and the p38γ and δ isoforms. BMS-582949 is also 450-fold selective over Jnk2, a MAP kinase involved in inflammation, and 190-fold selective over Raf[1].BMS-582949 is a novel highly selective p38α MAPK inhibitor [2]. in vivo: The mouse clearance rate for BMS-582949 is 4.4 mL/min/kg. And, at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, the mouse AUC0?8 h for BMS-582949 is 75.5 μM·h. BMS-582949 exhibited oral bioavailability values of 90% and 60% in mice and rats, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 912806-16-7
  • MF: C22H27ClN6O2
  • MW: 442.94200
  • Catalog: p38 MAPK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

SRTCX1003

SRTCX1003 is an orally active SIRT1 activator. SRTCX1003 suppresses inflammatory responses[1].

  • CAS Number: 1203480-86-7
  • MF: C23H23N5O3S
  • MW: 449.53
  • Catalog: Sirtuin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Anemarrhenasaponin Ia

Anemarrhenasaponin Ia, isolated from Anemarrhenae rhizome, inhibits N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide generation. Anemarrhenasaponin Ia is an useful anti-inflammation reagent[1].

  • CAS Number: 221317-02-8
  • MF: C48H68O14
  • MW: 772.96
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MEK Inhibitor I

MEK-IN-4 is a MEK inhibitor. MEK-IN-4 can be used for the research of inflammatory disorders and cancers[1].

  • CAS Number: 297744-42-4
  • MF: C21H18N4OS
  • MW: 374.459
  • Catalog: MEK
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 671.9±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 360.2±31.5 °C

ML130 (Nodinitib-1)

Nodinitib-1 (ML130;CID-1088438) is a NOD1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.56 μM.

  • CAS Number: 799264-47-4
  • MF: C14H13N3O2S
  • MW: 287.337
  • Catalog: NOD-like Receptor (NLR)
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 532.5±43.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 275.8±28.2 °C

J 2156

J-2156 TFA is a high potent, selective somatostatin receptor type 4 (SST4 receptor) agonist with IC50s of 0.05 nM and 0.07 nM for human and rat SST4 receptors, respectively. J-2156 TFA is used for the relief of mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hindpaws in rats[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2387505-73-7
  • MF: C26H29F3N4O6S
  • MW: 582.59
  • Catalog: Somatostatin Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Sucralfate

Sucralfate is a cytoprotective agent which has been employed for prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases.

  • CAS Number: 54182-58-0
  • MF: C12H14Al16O75S8
  • MW: 2046.42
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Diclofenac Epolamine

Flector Patch (Diclofenac epolamine) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)[1]. Flector Patch is used for relieving arthritis Pain, acute Pain, osteoarthritis, and actinic Keratosis. Flector Patch has good skin absorption characteristics without local adverse reactions and allergies[2].

  • CAS Number: 119623-66-4
  • MF: C20H24Cl2N2O3
  • MW: 411.32
  • Catalog: COX
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 412ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 203ºC

Losartan Carboxaldehyde

EXP3179 is an important intermediate aldehyde metabolite of Losartan. EXP3179 has no AT1-R–blocking activity, but potently inhibits the expression of endothelial cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. EXP3179 exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions[1].

  • CAS Number: 114798-36-6
  • MF: C22H21ClN6O
  • MW: 420.895
  • Catalog: COX
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 666.7±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 84-86 °C
  • Flash Point: 357.0±34.3 °C

Benvitimod (Tapinarof)

Tapinarof is a natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist with an EC50 of 13 nM.

  • CAS Number: 79338-84-4
  • MF: C17H18O2
  • MW: 254.32400
  • Catalog: Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
  • Density: 1.158
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Salmeterol Xinafoate

Salmeterol xinafoate is a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist, with Ki of 1.5 nM for WT β2AR, and used for asthma treatment.

  • CAS Number: 94749-08-3
  • MF: C36H45NO7
  • MW: 603.745
  • Catalog: Adrenergic Receptor
  • Density: 1.112g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 603ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 137-138ºC
  • Flash Point: 318.5ºC

Cynarin

1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,4-DCQA) is a phenylpropanoid from Xanthii fructus, inhibits LPS-stimulated TNF-α production[1].

  • CAS Number: 1182-34-9
  • MF: C25H24O12
  • MW: 516.45
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 819.9±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 225-227ºC
  • Flash Point: 278.1±27.8 °C