Infection is a pathophysiological process that involves the invasion and colonization of a living organism (host) by disease-causing infectious agents, the reaction of host tissues to these agents and the toxins they produce, and the transmission of infectious agents to other hosts. Common infectious agents include viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms. Hosts can fight infections using their immune system. Mammals often engage both innate and adaptive immune systems to eliminate infectious agents or inhibit their growth and transmission. When infection occurs, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic agents.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

Cinnamic acid

trans-Cinnamic acid is a natural antimicrobial, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μg/mL against fish pathogen A. sobria, SY-AS1[1].

  • CAS Number: 140-10-3
  • MF: C9H8O2
  • MW: 148.159
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 265.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 133 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 189.5±9.6 °C

Lawsone methyl ether

Lawsone methyl ether (2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), isolated from Impatiens balsamina L. and Swertia calycina, exhibits potent antifungal and antibacterial activities[1].

  • CAS Number: 2348-82-5
  • MF: C11H8O3
  • MW: 188.17900
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.28g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 339.8ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 184-187ºC(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 152.7ºC

TAT 2-4 trifluoroacetate salt

TAT 2-4 is a peptide derived from HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein.

  • CAS Number: 1159916-66-1
  • MF: C132H240N66O29
  • MW: 3215.743
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

QPX7728 methoxy acetoxy methy ester

QPX7728 methoxy acetoxy methy ester is a boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor, exacted from WO2018005662A1, compound 43[1].

  • CAS Number: 2170834-57-6
  • MF: C14H14BFO7
  • MW: 324.07
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Aurachin D

Aurachin D is an antibiotic. Aurachin D inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and a few funguses. Aurachin D blocks NADH oxidation in beef heart submitochondrial particles[1].

  • CAS Number: 108354-13-8
  • MF: C25H33NO
  • MW: 363.54
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 0.981g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 492.3ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 130.2ºC

Amastatin · HCl

Amastatin hydrochloride is a slow, tight binding, competitive aminopeptidase (AP) inhibitor with Ki values of 0.26 nM, 30 nM, 52 nM for Aeromonas aminopeptidase, cytosolic leucine aminopeptidase, microsomal aminopeptidase[1].

  • CAS Number: 100938-10-1
  • MF: C21H39ClN4O8
  • MW: 511.009
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 795.1ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 434.7ºC

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-15

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-15 is a potent inhibitor of cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN). Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-15 inhibits the replication of influenza virus. Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-15 has the potential for the research of viral infections caused by influenza viruses (extracted from patent CN113226327A, compound c-1)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2581298-44-2
  • MF: C27H23F2N3O7Se
  • MW: 618.44
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Norfloxacin hydrochloride

Norfloxacin hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase.Target: DNA gyrase; AntibacterialNorfloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterial agent occasionally used to treat common as well as complicated urinary tract infections. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase IV, enzymes necessary to separate bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division.There are currently three approved uses in the adult population (one of which is restricted) and the other ineffective due to bacterial resistance. Chibroxin (ophthalmic) is approved for use in children older than one year of age.Norfloxacin is associated with a number of rare serious adverse reactions as well as spontaneous tendon ruptures and irreversible peripheral neuropathy. Tendon problems may manifest long after therapy had been completed and in severe cases may result in lifelong disabilities. Hepatoxicity resulting in fatalities has also been reported with the use of norfloxacin.

  • CAS Number: 68077-27-0
  • MF: C16H19ClFN3O3
  • MW: 355.79
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Picfeltarraenin IB

Picfeltarraenin IB, a triterpenoid obtained from Picriafel-terrae Lour (P.fel-terrae), is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Picfeltarraenin IB can be used for the treatment of herpes infections, cancer and inflammation[1].

  • CAS Number: 97230-46-1
  • MF: C42H64O14
  • MW: 792.949
  • Catalog: AChE
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 895.7±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 264.0±27.8 °C

ClpB-IN-1

ClpB-IN-1 (compound 7) is a potent ClpB inhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 1453172-23-0
  • MF: C14H10N2O2S2
  • MW: 302.37
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Antileishmanial agent-13

Antileishmanial agent-13 is a quinoline-isatin hybrid, acts as an antileishmanial agent against L. Major Leishmania strain. Antileishmanial agent-13 acquires the antileishmanial activity via the anti-folate mechanism. Antileishmanial agent-13 has potent inhibition against both promastigote and amastigote forms with IC50s of 0.604 μM and 0.508 μM, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 853725-86-7
  • MF: C17H10BrClN4O
  • MW: 401.64
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Ethoxzolamide

Ethoxzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with Ki of 1 nM.

  • CAS Number: 452-35-7
  • MF: C9H10N2O3S2
  • MW: 258.31700
  • Catalog: Carbonic Anhydrase
  • Density: 1.47g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 464.9ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 190-193ºC(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 235ºC

Antifungal agent 77

Antifungal agent 77 (Compound 13h) is an antifungal agent. Antifungal agent 77 (500 μg/mL) also shows good insecticidal activity against Mythimna separate, Helicoverpa armigera, Ostrinia nubilalis, and Spodoptera frugiperda with a death rate of 30%, 25%, 40%, and 25%. Antifungal agent 77 shows toxicity in zebrafish embryo with a LC50 of 2.43 μg/mL[1].

  • CAS Number: 2863678-89-9
  • MF: C21H18FN5O2
  • MW: 391.40
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Sulfisoxazole

Sulfisoxazole, an endothelin receptor antagonist, is a sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent.Target: Antibacterial; Endothelin ReceptorThe sulfanilamide antibacterial agent sulfisoxazole was found to be a good endothelin receptor antagonist (IC50's of 0.60 microM and 22 microM for the ETA and ETB receptors, respectively) [1]. Sulfisoxazole is used to treat or prevent infections in many different parts of the body. It belongs to the group of medicines known as sulfonamide antibiotics. It works by preventing the growth of bacteria [2].

  • CAS Number: 127-69-5
  • MF: C11H13N3O3S
  • MW: 267.304
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 482.2±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 195°C
  • Flash Point: 245.4±31.5 °C

Ceratotoxin A

Ceratotoxin A, a 29-residue peptide isolated from the accessory gland secretion fluid, with strong anti-bacterial activity.

  • CAS Number: 150671-04-8
  • MF: C135H243N35O32
  • MW: 2868.589
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 2450.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 1436.0±34.3 °C

Metaldehyde

Metaldehyde is commonly used as a pesticide against slugs, snails, and other gastropods.

  • CAS Number: 108-62-3
  • MF: C8H16O4
  • MW: 176.210
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 194.3±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 246 °C
  • Flash Point: 71.1±30.0 °C

ZANAMIVIR HYDRATE

Zanamivir hydrate (5:1) is the hydrate of Zanamivir. Zanamivir is an influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.95 nM and 2.7 nM for influenza A and B, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 171094-50-1
  • MF: C12H22N4O8
  • MW: 350.325
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Antibacterial agent 58

Antibacterial agent 58, an antibacterial agent, significantly lowers MIC value of antibacterial agent Ceftazidime[1].

  • CAS Number: 1426572-65-7
  • MF: C8H11N6NaO5S
  • MW: 326.26
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Surfen

Surfen dihydrochloride is a potent HS (heparan sulfate) antagonist. Surfen binds to glycosaminoglycans. Surfen neutralizes the anticoagulant activity of both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins. Surfen affects sulfation of heparin and inhibits degradation by heparin lyases. Surfen inhibits FGF2 binding and signaling. Surfen inhibits cell attachment, and virus infection[1].

  • CAS Number: 5424-37-3
  • MF: C21H22Cl2N6O
  • MW: 445.34
  • Catalog: HSV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 587.2ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 308.9ºC

GSK3839919A

GSK3839919A is a potent and allosteric HIV-1integrase inhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 2081127-77-5
  • MF: C36H46ClN3O3
  • MW: 604.22
  • Catalog: HIV Integrase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

QUINIDINE SULFATE (2:1) (salt)

Quinidine Monosulfate is an antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine Monosulfate is a potent, orally active, selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor. Quinidine Monosulfate is also a K+ channel blocker with an IC50 of 19.9 μM. Quinidine Monosulfate can be used for malaria research[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 50-54-4
  • MF: C40H50N4O8S
  • MW: 746.91200
  • Catalog: Potassium Channel
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 495.9ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 212ºC
  • Flash Point: 253.7ºC

Aculene D

Aculene D, a fungal metabolite, shows quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, and could significantly reduce violacein production in N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) induced C. violaceum CV026 cultures at sub-inhibitory concentrations[1].

  • CAS Number: 2043948-38-3
  • MF: C14H20O2
  • MW: 220.31
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-24

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-24 is a potent cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) inhibitor (CN112876510A, DSC1103)[1].

  • CAS Number: 2649000-32-6
  • MF: C34H40F2N3O8PS
  • MW: 719.73
  • Catalog: Influenza Virus
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

NSC47924

NSC47924 is a laminin receptor (LR) inhibitor. NSC47924 affects 37/67 kDa LR cell surface localization and interaction with the cellular prion protein. NSC47924 can be used for testing prion diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 6638-24-0
  • MF: C18H17NO2
  • MW: 279.33300
  • Catalog: Infection
  • Density: 1.235g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 487.8ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 248.8ºC

Isoprothiolane-d4

Isoprothiolane-d4 is the deuterium labeled Isoprothiolane. Isoprothiolane is a systemic fungicide. Isoprothiolane is a rice blast controlling agent against the fungal disease of rice planty Pyvioutavia oryzae Cav[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1715020-82-8
  • MF: C12H14D4O4S2
  • MW: 294.42
  • Catalog: Fungal
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Bz-RS-iSer(3-Ph)-OMe

Bz-RS-iSer(3-Ph)-OMe (compound 2), a Taxol derivative, inhibits HSV replication cycle at low cytotoxicity, blocks mitotic divisions of Vero cells, influences M-MSV induced tumor size and affects immune response by inhibiting PHA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation[1].

  • CAS Number: 32981-85-4
  • MF: C17H17NO4
  • MW: 299.321
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 540.3±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 280.6±30.1 °C

PI4KIIIbeta-IN-10

PI4KIIIbeta-IN-10 is a potent PI4KIIIβ inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.6 nM.

  • CAS Number: 1881233-39-1
  • MF: C22H25N3O5S2
  • MW: 475.581
  • Catalog: PI4K
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

QPX7728 bis-acetoxy methyl ester

QPX7728 bis-acetoxy methyl ester is a boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor, exacted from WO2018005662A1, compound 42[1].

  • CAS Number: 2170834-56-5
  • MF: C15H14BFO8
  • MW: 352.08
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HF50731

HF50731 (HF-50731) is a novel potent, selective CXCR4 antagonist with Ki of 19.8 nM in the CXCR4 competitive binding assay.HF50731 significantly inhibited SDF-1α-induced calcium mobilization (IC50=621 nM) and cell migration, and blocked HIV-1 infection via antagonizing CXCR4 coreceptor function (IC50=1.5 uM).The structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that HF50731 could primarily occupy the minor subpocket of CXCR4 and partially bind in the major subpocket by interacting with residues W94, D97, D171, and E288.

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

c-Myc inhibitor 6

c-Myc inhibitor 6 (compound A102) is a c-Myc inhibitor. c-Myc inhibitor 6 decreases cancer cell viability and degrades c-Myc protein. c-Myc inhibitor 6 can be used for the research of c-Myc imbalance, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infection[1].

  • CAS Number: 2768765-58-6
  • MF: C23H29BN2O5
  • MW: 424.30
  • Catalog: c-Myc
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A